Vodun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vodun - Essay Example The slaves from Africa practiced their inherent religion when they were brought to other places (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). Vodun went though a history of persecution. In the reign of Christianity and Muslim in the colonial era, the people that practiced this religion were killed and the establishments and places of worship were annihilated. Conversion to Christianity is widespread in the regions where African slave are deployed. Another contradiction was experienced during the Marxism era. There were deemed to have occurred due to the threat that it incurred on the stability of other religions. Another reason that is perceived is the unconventional practices of the group that can be unacceptable to people outside the religion. Even in Benin where the religion was practiced, also experienced period of decline but was regained in 1989 during the democratic leadership and had become the official religion in 1996. There are also groups in the North America that practices this religion. In the South America similar religions that can be related to Vodun are Umbanda, Quimbanda and Camdomble. In fact, the pres ent population of people that practice Vodun reaches to 60 million allover the world (Belgum, 1991; Robinson, 1998). In the study on the African religion, specifically the Vodun and other related religion, certain impartialities are often experienced. This is on the basis of the accounts that can be observed on the early studies that are conducted. Thus, the determination of the facts and the deciphering of the through behind these religions that are often treated with hostility is a challenge. The problems are oftentimes related to the generalization of the practices of the religions which can be considered rare and unique, thus, is not patterned to other religious practices. This is the main reason for such contempt over the religion that are usually described negatively when seen from the outside due to the fact that powers of the Supreme Being is depicted through the terror it can bring to the mortal (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Although the religion receives criticisms on the basis of the unconventionality of the beliefs and the practices of faith, this very characteristic is the subject of admiration of the groups that are open to eccentricity of different religions. This is due to the meekness of the practices and the expression of great care, sympathy and compassion the natural spirit of the world (Clarke, and Sutherland, 1991). Through the analysis of the African religion through the opposing points of view of the groups that affirm or contradict the Vodun and other related religion, it can be deemed that focusing solely on the eccentricity and unconventionality of the religion works for both ways in relation to the acceptance and propagation of the religion. It can either permit or hinder the growth of the religion. In relation to the views on the Vodun religion in Africa, the insight of the Protestant missionaries is an important affective factor on the development of the religion. The missionaries deemed that Vodun hinders the development of the Africans. This view is due to the fact that they consider this religion as a primitive belief that causes the stagnation of the outlook of the people and affects the economy on the basis it is the main religion on the nation (Clarke, and Suth

Nikola Tesla Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nikola Tesla - Research Paper Example history. I will also focus on the question of why many people would say Tesla was a mad scientist later in his life. Nikola Tesla: Biography in Brief Nikola Tesla was born 10 July 1856 in a Serbian family. The place of his birth was the village of Smiljan situated near Gospic – a town in Croatia that was a part of Austria-Hungary at that time. Tesla’s father was known to be a clergyman, and his mother is described as â€Å"exceptionally bright and an inventor of household and farm implements† despite being illiterate (Klooster 302). Tesla might have got his knack for prolific inventing from his ingenious mother. Tesla, who is believed to be America’s most prominent electric engineer, studied engineering at the famous University of Graz (Austria) (Spencer 301). He is thought to have started his inventing career there. In 1882, Tesla came to Paris and was hired by Continental Edison Company. Two years later Tesla immigrated to the U.S. and got his citizenshi p in 1891 at the age of 35 (Klooster 302). Picture 1. Nikola Tesla at the age of 37. Photo taken in 1893. Author: Sarony of New York It was in 1882 that Tesla conceived of the famous induction motor that has a rotating magnetic field. From that time on, Tesla invented various devices that utilize the rotating magnetic field. In 1888, Tesla received patents for his inventions. Here it is worth mentioning that the outstanding engineer and physicist was able to completely visualize his next invention before he started working on it. All in all, Tesla is believed to have patented over 700 inventions during his lifetime (World of Invention, â€Å"Nikola Tesla†). Tesla’s Theoretical Work and Patents Tesla's numerous patents and his groundbreaking theoretical work are believed to have created the basis of modern AC systems, which includes the polyphase power distribution systems, as well as the AC motor. Let us explore Tesla’s contribution to modern electrical engineer ing in detail. It was not until Tesla could establish his own company named Tesla Electric Company (1887) that the outstanding inventor had been able to create what he actually wanted. Specifically, working for Tesla Electric Company he invented the first successful polyphase motor (Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present,â€Å"Nikola Tesla†). Tesla achieved this by creating a motor that had a few wire-taped blocks surrounding the rotor. At the moment alternating current is being supplied to the incorporated wires, a rotating magnetic field is produced, and besides current to every block was a bit out of phase with the rest. The rotor’s movement is achieved as the revolving field is being followed (Klooster 305). Practically, the significance of Tesla’s invention was that it enabled transmitting strong electrical currents over long distances. Theoretically, Tesla’s work undermined the view of Edison that there was no practical benefit from alternating current. It proved to leave behind the invention by Edison – direct current – that was restricted by local use and needed lots of electrical relay stations in order to have the current distributed throughout a large area, a city for example (Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present,â€Å"Nikola Tesla†). Reportedly, not long before his death Edison admitted to making the biggest mistake in his lifetime

Analysis of UK Basic Chemicals Company

Analysis of UK Basic Chemicals Company BASIC CHEMICALS IN UK ANALYSIS HEADLINES The market size of basic chemicals in UK has declined to GBP12,422 million recording a decline of 2.6% in 2013 due to lower sales to manufacturers of plastic and synthetic rubber in primary form Reach regulation tightened in 2013 limiting competition of non-EU companies in UK Profit margin declines to a record low of 3% preventing production expansion in UK Shale gas remains an ace for basic chemicals producers in UK UK basic chemicals industry is matured. It is expected to grow at CAGR of 0.7% during 2013-2019 MARKET TRENDS The market size of basic chemicals in UK has declined to GBP12,422 million recording a decline of 2.6% in 2013. Contraction of the industry was driven by falling revenues from plastics in primary forms, household cleaning and personal care, photochemicals and explosive, as well as pharmaceuticals segments. Purchases of basic chemicals by plastic in primary forms and synthetic rubber industry declined by 23% to GBP1,360 million. The plastics industry in UK was having trouble competing with producers abroad as oversupply in the world settled-in. UK producers do not have access to cheap raw materials. Consequently, production of plastics and rubber in primary form declined by 23% in UK during 2013 negatively reflecting on revenues of basic chemical industry. Household cleaning and personal care producers reduced their purchases of basic chemicals by 15% in UK during 2013 as turnover of household cleaning and personal care products at constant prices declined by 5.1%. Declining prices of specialty chemicals caused by increasing competition from China was the main reason of lower sales. Competition from abroad is limited by high infrastructure barriers for certain products. Currently ethylene production is concentrated in Grangemouth, Mossmorran and Wilton, UK and there is a network of 8 pipelines connecting major producers and consumers in UK. It is also proposed to connect ethylene network with Rotterdam. Potentially increasing imports if competition kicks-in. As of June, 2013 the regulation of chemicals in EU territory became stricter based on REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances) regulation. The requirement to register chemicals manufactured or intended to import into EU in quantities greater than 100 tons per year forces companies to register within ECA (European Chemicals Agency). Registration within ECA results in higher costs as extensive research to confirm their safety is needed. Imports were pushed out as local producers were able to win-back their market share. Though market of basic chemicals in UK contracted by just 2.6% during 2013 but imports of basic chemicals declined by 25%. Imports made 63% of the basic chemicals market in 2013 in comparison to 81% in 2012. Local producers were pushing out imports of hydrocarbons, oxygen-function compounds and other organic chemicals as their import declined by 31%. PRODUCTION TRENDS Despite declining markets, production of basic chemicals was booming recording an 11% growth in 2013. The growth was driven by hydrocarbons, oxygen-function compounds and other organic chemicals expansion as the segment was winning back market share from imports. As competition in hydrocarbons, oxygen-function compounds and other organic chemicals got tense world-wide, domestic producers chose to compete in local market cutting down segment exports by 20% and total basic chemicals export by 17%. Cost pressure to the basic chemicals industry declined. Total costs related to basic chemicals increased by 12% in UK during. However, cost per unit of produce declined by 5% as turnover at constant prices increased by 17%. As production of hydrocarbons soared, costs related to refined petroleum products by 17% in 2013. The rise in costs in relation to growth in production at constant prices is related to increased share of basic chemicals manufactured from oil products as PPI of refined petroleum products decreased by 5%. Purchases of gas has increased by 21% due to 9.4% rise in prices for industrial uses. Increase in production of hydrocarbons drove the purchases of gas upwards as well. The gas supply is well diversified with most of the gas coming from domestic supplies and Norway. Electricity costs increased by 20% in production of basic chemicals in UK during 2013. Mostly it was related to increased production in quantity though, electricity price rose by 2.6% for industrial users in UK during 2013. UK’s electricity generating capacities are outdated and plants one by one are turned off. Investments are increasing consequently raising electricity wholesale price. Despite an 11% growth in production, profits declined by 21% to GBP284 million in 2013. Profit margin has declined to a record low of 3% as producers were not able to cut costs at same amount as producer prices decreased by 5.7% in 2013. Low profitability repelled new companies and prevents the industry from expansion in the next couple years. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE Economies of scale is a major drive force in the industry. Though 27 companies with over 250 employees make less than 2% of companies in the industry, they generated 90% of turnover in 2013 as costs. Largest companies in the industry were Ineos Group Ltd, BP Aromatics Ltd, BASF Plc, Air Products Group Ltd and Croda International Plc. Ineos Group Ltd, a UK-based subsidiary of Ineos AG, manufactures petrochemicals, specialty chemicals and oil products as polymers, chlorvinyls, ethanol, esters, ammonia and nitric acids, plastics, melamines, pnenols, oligomers, olefines, oxides and styrenics. The company sold its INEOS ChlorVinyls divission of chlorine business to 2M Group Ltd that operated in UK in August, 2013. Ineos Group also acquired a powerplant from Fortum in Grangemouth, UK in October, 2014 for GBP54 million. BP Aromatics Ltd is a UK-based subsidiary of BP Plc engaged in manufacture of purified terephthalic acid, acetic acid and olefins and derivatives that are derived from crude oil or natural gas. The company opened a brand-new bioethanol plant in Hull, UK in July, 2013 that cost GBP350 million. BASF Plc is a UK-based subsidiary of BASF SE. The company operates under 6 business segments: chemicals, plastics, performance products, functional solutions, agricultural as well as oil and gas. The chemicals segment is further divided into inorganics, petrochemicals and intermediates divisions. in January, 2013 the company completed acquisition of Pronova BioPharma. In 2014, the company sold its styrolution divission to Ineos as well as began building ammonia plant in Texas, US together with Yara. Air Products Group Ltd is a multinational subsidiary of Air Products Chemicals Inc, which divides its busines into 4 divisions: gases, chemicals, equipment and services solutions. Air Products Group Ltd and Oman Oil Co have signed a joint venture that will provide full range of industrial gases in Oman in December, 2013. Croda International Plc is a multinational company engaged in manufacture of natural based speciality chemicals: consumer care which consists of global businesses in personal care, health care and crop care as well as Industrial Specialities which comprises home care, base oleochemicals, additives for polymers, polymers and coatings, lubricants and lubricant additives, and processed vegetable oils. The company has manufacturing facilities throughout the UK and mainland Europe, North and South America, India, Singapore, South Korea, Indonesia and Japan. Croda has invested GBP12 million in April, 2013 in new manufacturing facility in East Yorkshire, UK for processing specialty acrylic-based polymers. The company acquired Sipo to boost its presence in emerging markets in September, 2013. PROSPECTS UK basic chemicals industry is matured. It is expected to grow at CAGR of 0.7% during 2013-2019. The growth will be strongest in bases, gases and other inorganics of 2.5% CAGR during same period. The growth will be hold back by increasing overproduction in world market. Prices of most basic chemicals will continue to be on decline in 2014. It is expected that the price of inorganic and organic chemicals will continue to decline in UK by up to 10% due to sluggish demand in EU and increasing oversupply globally in 2014. Meanwhile, organic chemicals prices should decline by up to 4% in France in 2014 as production continues to increase in N. America with further rapid decline in 2015 as oil and gas prices collapse. Shale gas revolution in US is causing a major headache for UK basic chemicals producers as UK manufacturers have to pay up to 3 times more for gas than US producers. Consequently, producers in N. America are increasing production capacity and might further pressure prices of hydrocarbon-based chemicals down. UK shale gas reserves are estimated between 2.8 and 39.9 trillion cubic metres. Though it remains unclear how much of it is technical extractable. Exploration of shale gas and its extraction is a slow-going process in UK but if successful it could give a boost to basic chemicals market Electricity price most likely will continue to rise as demand of investment increases. Currently, the generation capacities and grid is outdated and a third of power plants are projected to be shut down by 2015. Consequently, investments and price of wholesale electricity should increase deteriorating UK industry’s competitiveness. Recent events in Ukraine and Russia pose little threat to supply of gases in UK as 73% of it is supplied by domestic production and Norway. Qatar supplies another 12% and only 15% of gas that is supplied by Belgium and Netherlands might be redirected from Russia. Though price issue remains if supply struggles in continental Europe, prices of gas might increase. However, supply issues in continental Europe could boost basic chemicals export from UK as producers in other countries might have to cut production. Tightening REACH regulation creates barriers of imports of mostly specialty chemicals as extensive and costly research is required before chemicals are approved by ECA for trade and use in EU. As EU companies tend to have higher market share they gain competitive advantage in distributing their overhead costs in comparison to non-EU producers.

The Speckled Band and the Man with the Twisted Lip :: Speckled Band Twisted Lip Compare Essays

The Speckled Band and the Man with the Twisted Lip In the beginning of the story, The Speckled Band, a young woman arrived at Sherlock Holmes house at quarter past seven in the morning, with a very urgent matter that she needed to talk to him about. The matter being that the young woman, Miss Helen Stoner, is fearful for her life, because her sister, Miss Julia Stoner died in the usual circumstances such as she died two weeks before her wedding. She died in her room, and before she died, she would regularly hear low whistling and low metallic clanging noises at around three in the morning. Miss Julia Stoner died in her own room, where there was no chance of anybody getting in because her door was locked from the inside every night and the windows were crammed by old fashion shutters with broad iron bars. We learn that the windows were tightly shut, like an old-fashioned house, like a prison, nowhere to escape. This prepares us by telling us that no one could get through by the windows. This adds to the atmosphere of that there is fear and a need of protection. The walls were completely solid. The flooring of Miss Julia Stoner’s room was also solid, with no trap doors or openings. The chimney, also being wide in size, but was barred by four large staples. So it was usual that she died the way she did, because it is obvious now that no was in her room when she died. And the reason why Miss Helen Stoner worries for her life is that Helen is experiencing the same circumstances of which her sister, Miss Julia Stoner, experienced before her death. And because Miss Helen Stoner was worried, her life might end the way her sisters did, she came straight away to Sherlock Holmes as she felt he could help her, in her time of need. While Miss Helen Stoner was telling Sherlock Holmes her dilemma, Sherlock Holmes says, â€Å"Mrs. Hudson has the good sense to light the fire† This sets off the atmosphere as being cosy and comfortable, because the fire has been lit, warmth and light is given off, where they all can relax a little now that the fire is providing warmth and light. It also gives off a masculine atmosphere because Holmes states that Mrs. Hudson had, â€Å"good sense to light the fire†, as if he is trying to imply that it is odd that a woman has enough common sense to light the fire, as if he is belittling women. Trying to say that men are smart enough to know to light a fire, but if a woman does it, she has â€Å"good

Human Resource Information Systems Essay

Employees’ retention and keeping them satisfied so that they work on their full capacity and be productive for the company is very important. They should be well motivated and the programs like compensation, training and development and base salary should set such that employees feel that the company values them and their hard work a lot. For all this, the company’s human resource department has to put in all of this data into the computer system and then to manage it for further references in future. This information is then saved in the company’s system and special software’s are there to handle them for the company. Since the human resource department happens to bear the responsibility of the organization in the terms of the range of tasks for the employees and how the employees are supposed to interact with each other depending on their assigned designations and with other businesses. The software’s used in the human resource department have a range which starts from performing a primary function, to all complete software suits which are designed to solve all the needs of human resource department may have. These software target all the functions of human resource like payroll, benefits, for employees, recruiting, compliance and many more. This information maintained is so sensitive that it must be and should be handled by the human resource department only, and should be uploaded on their network map drives rather than on every other department’s, which might cause trouble as they would be able to access it. In this report, it would also be discussed that which of the software the companies use would be the best for them because of their efficiency and the time they consume to give out results to them. Human resource information technology faces many needs. Like mentioned above, human resource department has to solve many assignments related to the payroll of the employees, the benefits the employees get on their performance they show for the company. Other software or the multi task software check about the employees and keeps a record of their designations and the promotions they get further in their careers. The last part of compliance software is used to ensure that the policies they are making do not abuse the company mission and other goals they really want to achieve. For the payroll part of human resource, human resource department needs those softwares that can do the basic function for them like calculation all the employees pay according to their given designations. This software must also be able to take calculations of the employees hourly and monthly pay. It should also be able to calculate the compensations and the uncompensated time given by the employee and added and adjusted in the employees’ salaries ( . Kavanagh and Thite, 2008) These softwares should be such that they automatically cut the taxes from the salaries of the employees of the company, and this tax should be both pre – tax income and post – tax income of the employees especially when the employees have elected for the pre – tax deduction, which are known as the 410K, cafeteria, plan and medical deductions. Deduction management should also take place in this software, so that the employees do not have to do it manually, which cause some man error in calculations. If this is done manually, it would take a lot of time to get done with every employee of the company and their might be some errors too. The other department of human resource where they need information technology is at the benefits area. Softwares which is multi tasking or who performs solely benefit functions helps the human resource employees by making them track every other employee of the company, its accrual and the usage of benefits they get. This would also count paid time off, and the payments which are given on time. This software would also help the human resource employee to check whether the other employees’ are eligible for the medical and health related benefits. All those fringe benefits provided by the company like health clubs, to its employees may also be tracked the human resource department at the need of information. That is why, the companies’ need a software which would help them out the benefits for all the employees of the company and keep a record whether they are eligible for it or not. The third part is employees. This is an important part since it’s the duty of the human resource department to do the hiring and selecting of the employees and then later retain them for the company. Since the company is not run by only two or three department but by many, the number of employees is a lot too then. To keep a track on all of the employees, who are currently employed by the company is very hard and that too by their designations. Softwares help the human resource department people as they set a range of the designation for the employees and to the employees group at very different level of the organization. For employees, the human resource department would need few basic functions from the softwares. Human resources would like the softwares to have tracking system and also feature recording of employees’ performance, their attendances and absences and lastly the development and the work they are putting in for the company. This would help the company as they would know how much effort is been put in by the employees and who then becomes eligible for the compensation or the bonuses. This software may also have these features such as management of compensation, time information system, software which could do assessments on employee skills, on their training and education and a record on their behavior with other employees, especially if they got themselves into conflicts or an incident in which they have resolved things. Recruiting is another part of human resource department which requires software to do their task on every process of the recruitment. This software would have every employee’s job descriptions according to the designations and this may also help in future while hiring new people on those posts. Software might also help the human resource staff by storing extra information of prospective background and relocation of the employees among the departments and lastly, about the new employees who had been hired by the company. Lastly it’s compliance which is to be dealt by the human resource. Any software related to it would help the department by letting them know that whatever the company they are working for is complying with, is actually applicable with the laws or not. This includes the process of hiring new employees, so that no nepotism occurs and the qualified people are not left behind. No employee is fired or terminated without any legal reason. The education criterion matches the job post requirement and should also store information complaints regarding sexual harassment. Also that the company complies with all of the federal regulations they are supposed to follow. For human resource department, the best softwares they have found so far for their work to be done very efficiently are the OrangeHRM suite software and the other software is by the Microsoft, named Microsoft Dynamics suite which also happen to be single-source providers. These are considered to be the best softwares for the companies to complete their human resource related tasks. These softwares are such that they not only manage the tasks of the human resource department very efficiently but they also consumer less time to complete the assignment. The other softwares are Ajiva Simple HR which is considered to be a least expensive product and does all the functions required by the human resources. The information of this is available in the forms of graphical dashboard. Other software is of People-Trak HR which is affordable too and gets more expensive on adding more features ( Rashid, 2009). There are other softwares too for the human resource departments. There are other softwares too available for the completion of human resource department task. They are mostly related to the payroll like mentioned above, then work time of the employees, and the benefits administration to keep a track of who is eligible to get one or not. Recruiting softwares are also available and training and learning management system softwares are there too to help the employees the human resource department to sort out their things more easily (Sleezer, Wentling and Cude, 2002). Performance record softwares are also available for the human resource department that sorts out the bonuses or the incentives the employees would get according to their performance they have shown for the company. Lastly, appraisal softwares are also there so that the human resource department can collect online information about the views the employees hold for their company and their jobs and then make policies out of them so that the employees are highly motivated. Before selecting the software technology, the company must make sure whether the software they are going to get from the other source has enough flexibility and scalability for the human resource department and its tasks or not. The employees should determine that whether the data could be imported from the excel spread sheets, its databases and other paper documents, all those things which contain important data that needs to be put into computer, otherwise it would create a problem. The software should also be able to take in the information and do filter of things which it needs to take in and store in specific data bases. Companies should also check whether the software is able to accommodate the human resource department of the companies. If true software is picked out for the enrollment, it will evaluate the enrollment activity and impose all the necessary rules and combination of rules, messages and other ways to meet and fulfill the eligibility of the requirements which are desired.

Hydraulic Fracturing Essay

Thousands of feet below the Earth’s surface, flows vast reservoirs of one of our planets most sought after commodities. In ancient Babylon there are writings of a dark elixir oozing from the lands surface, even then the people understood how precious this material was. Oil, along with Natural gas, are exceptionally rich sources of energy. A gallon of oil surpasses the output of five kg of coal, ten kg of wood, and over fifty times the amount of energy that fifty humans can produce. The richest oil can actually provide one hundred more times the energy, than the resources used to extract it from the ground. Currently the US is entering one of the largest modern oil booms the world has ever seen. Unfortunately unlike in ancient Babylon, oil today does not simply ooze out of the ground and into our cars. New advances in science and visualization technology have given us a process known as hydraulic fracturing. Also known as horizontal drilling, or fracking, these new techniques h ave caused a great controversy and sparked a public debate over the potential risks â€Å"fracking† could ensue on our environment. Despite the negative pictures environmental lobbyists have painted, hydraulic fracturing is essential for the future of America’s economy. Its main purpose is to create jobs, a stable market, and advance the future of clean energy in the United States. Currently, there has been a focused attention on the negative environmental impacts fracking could potentially carry with it especially in the water supply. There are hundreds of on-going investigations taking place to ensure the protection of the environment as well the health of citizens who currently populate near sites that are using a horizontal drilling method. Most of the negative impacts on the environment, associated with fracking, are poorly understood by the general public. The water supply has been one of the main concerns voiced by lobbyists and various media outlets. Currently the United States government has issued extensive research on the matter through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA has focused much of its attention on the sustainability of the water supply and soil surrounding current and former drilling sites. The EPA recently released on their main website a statement  confirming the following: The EPA currently is working closely with indus try partners to identify locations and develop research activities for prospective case studies. In prospective case studies, research at the site begins before hydraulic fracturing occurs, and then continues during and after hydraulic fracturing activities. The studies to date have shown no correlation to contaminated water supplies before or after the process of hydraulic fracturing. According to the New York Times, â€Å"Shale gas is accessed at depths of thousands of feet while drinking water is extracted from depths of only hundreds of feet. Nowhere in the state have fracking compounds injected at depth been shown to contaminate drinking water.† It is important to understand the process at which the gas is extracted to understand where the areas of risk occur. â€Å"Each well contains multiple layers of steel casing and cementing to effectively protect groundwater.† (API 1) This is essential to the protection of our water supply. It is important to understand the access large oil companies have to advanced equipment and the most brilliant minds. Each year bill ions of dollars are spent on research towards the extraction and containment of natural gas as well how to dampen the carbon footprint left after drilling. Many natural gas operators have chosen to disclose the ingredients of their cocktails to the website FracFocus.org, it is operated by the Groundwater Protection Council. This website includes a public record that can be examined by drill site or well location, individuals can effortlessly view the components used to fracture detailed wells. â€Å"As of early 2012, nearly one hundred companies have already provided information about approximately ten thousand wells and that number increases every day.† (API) Companies in our modern society understand the importance of transparency. Access to websites and detailed logs have given the public the ability to make their own judgments on the safety of individual operators. This makes large and independent companies held to higher standards than ever before. While there are greenhouse gases released during the extraction process they are significantly less than our current coal-fired plants. â€Å"Shale gas emits half the carbon diox ide per unit of energy as does coal, and coal burning also emits metals such as mercury into the atmosphere that eventually settle back into our soils and waters.† (New York Times) This is of great importance to understand especially as one of the oldest and largest coal-fired plant operates in  west Texas. Advocacy groups such as the Sierra Club are fighting to shut down these highly destructive plants. â€Å"Coal and gas-fired power plants emit more than 2.3 billion metric tons per year of carbon pollution, approximately 40% of total U.S. energy-related carbon pollution.†(SierraClub.Org) Because of intense restrictions any emissions from oil and gas wells must stay within agreed state and federal restrictions to guarantee the health and well-being of residents. â€Å"Natural gas is considered a clean burning fuel because of its comparatively low emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides.†(API 1) According to the Environmental Protection Agency, natural gas-fired electricity generates half the carbon dioxide of coal-fired production. As a country we have gained a dependency on energy and as we grow new techniques will have to be discovered to maintain our consumption rate. Hydraulic Fracturing brings us closer to clean energy while having an instanta neous benefit to our atmosphere and environment by making dangerous coal-fired plants obsolete. The oil and natural gas industry resources are considerably valuable to the United States ‘economy as one of the country’s major employers and buyers of imports. Maintaining its growth through a struggling economy, America’s oil and natural gas operators carry on to deliver well-paying employment, returns to administrations and share growth for millions of Americans. â€Å"With increased access to U.S. oil and gas resources we can create 1 million new jobs in the next ten years alone.†(Green 1) That means if the nation could regulate the practice of fracking, while protecting the environment, it in return would create one million American jobs. That would not only raise our unemployment rate exponentially, but would insert millions of tax dollars back into the economy for improved infrastructure or education. â€Å"Expansion of oil and natural gas shale assets sustained more than 2.1 million jobs in 2012.†(API 1) Affordable, native natural gas is vital to refreshing the chemical, manufacturing, and steel industries. These great industries have supported our nation in the past and will continue into the future. The America n Chemistry Council determined: A 25 percent increase in the supply of ethane (the liquid derived from shale gas) could add over 400,000 jobs across the economy, provide over $4.4 billion annually in federal, state, and local tax revenue, and spur $16.2 billion in capital investment by the chemical industry That added boost to  the job market is a gift long overdue to our struggling economy. Similarly, the National Association of Manufacturers estimated that high recovery of shale gas and lower natural gas prices will help U.S. manufacturers employ 1,000,000 workers by 2025. This will directly stimulate small town communities by offering technical job positions with life-long benefits. As well the added income will help to slowly relieve the burden of debt many families are suffering from. An IHS report, America’s New Energy Future: The Unconventional Oil and Gas Revolution and the US Economy, estimates that: â€Å"Mainly due to lower energy prices, average disposable income per household increased by more than $1,200 in 2012.†(IHS 4) This has continuously been omitted from the main stream media. Numerous industry sponsored reports are connecting gushing oil and natural gas production brought on by fracking is lifting the United States economy by dropping energy costs for clients and producers. It has a direct correlation as we produce more on shore energy our costs and high import taxes decrease. This in affect has a trickle-down policy when oil costs less to extract, ship, and use then household energy bills go down. President Obama’s 2012 State of the Union address the President claimed recognition for governing the leading decline in oil imports in current times and for accomplishing the lowest use of need on oil imports in sixteen years. He accredited that notable outcome somewhat to improved oil production in North and South Dakota but mainly to the substantial surge in gas production that has directly stemmed from hydraulic fracturing. There is a clear indication that the risks of fracking are reducing day by day as the benefits continue to increase. The crash of 2008 brought our economy to a grinding halt. There is currently no other market that could stimulate the economy as much as the energy sector. The United States Economy will progress substantially over the next ten years due to the shale boom. Hydraulic fracturing will reduce the cost of energy while raising manufacturing. Most importantly it will reassure chemical and technology companies will receive higher endowments givin g us an edge over our competitors. Fracking will also reduce the cost of transportation by fueling our vehicles with clean natural gas. By performing quality due diligence we can omit the fears associated with hydraulic fracturing once and for all. Joint cooperation from the US Department of Energy and the International Energy Agency will contribute access to up to date reports on the environment and public safety. Hydraulic fracturing offers us hundreds of years producing clean, dependable, sustainable energy. It will directly affect the following generations while having a positive effect on our current economy. â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing is the future without it, we would lose 45 percent of domestic natural gas production and 17 percent of our oil production within 5 years.†(API 1) Some view hydraulic fracturing in an undesirable context. I am confident in hydraulic fracturing and see it as a window of opportunity for America that will help boost the economy while giving an immediate reduction in greenhouse gases. The benefits and rewards of hydraulic fracturing simply outweighs the risks. Works Cited Brantley, Susan L., and Anna Meyendorff. â€Å"The Facts on Fracking.† Nytimes.com. New York Times, 13 Mar. 2013. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. Efstathiou, Jim, Jr. â€Å"Bloomberg.† Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 3 Sept. 2013. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. . Green, Mark. â€Å"Energy Tomorrow Home.† Energy Tomorrow Home. API.ORG, 28 Feb. 2014. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. Hassett, Kevin A., and Aparna Mathur. â€Å"American Enterprise Institute.† AEI. Aei.org, 4 Apr. 2013. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. Larson, John W., and Richard Fullenbaum. Americas New Energy Future. Rep. no. Vol. 3. IHS.com, Sept. 2013. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. . Pierce, Richard J., Jr. â€Å"Scholarly Commons.† Site. Gwu.edu, 2013. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Sierra Club Home Page: Explore, Enjoy and Protect the Planet.† Sierra Club Home Page: Explore, Enjoy and Protect the Planet. Sierraclub.org, 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Department of the Enviroment. Progress Report Webinar. Epa.gov, 28 Feb. 2014. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. . Zobak, Mark. â€Å"American Petroleum Institute.† American Petroleum Institute. API.ORG, Sept. 2013. Web. 02 Mar. 2014.

Free Essays on Jewish Family

This novel is about a young girl in a Jewish family who struggled to free herself from her father’s obsolete teachings and beliefs. Coming to America at around the early 1900’s, the family found out the cruelty of the land of capitalism and faced the financial difficulties experienced by most immigrants. Everyone but the father adapted to the hardships and went out to earn a few cents. The father, Reb Smolinsky, was a rabbi and devoted himself totally to religion. As a matter of fact, he did not want to have his holiness contaminated by earthly worries; he expected his wife and four frail daughters to put food on the table. Somehow, he was completely blind to the poverty and, getting the largest share of meals, thought everyone had enough to eat. Thinking he was the head of the family, Smolinsky controlled the future of his daughters. Wanting quick money so that he could pray all day, the father did not agree to let a young man marry his oldest daughter Bessie, who assumed the financial burden and gave all her wage to Smolinsky. The young man promised to support Bessie and asked for no dowry. However, the rabbi saw no gain in this affair and drove away Bessie’s lover. Always finding faults in people, Smolinsky prevented his three older daughters from uniting with the ones they loved. In fact, he became a matchmaker and married his daughters to three frauds. At the end, he profited only five hundred dollars. Thinking he was smart and competent, the rabbi bought a general store with no stock for four hundred dollars. Because he was the most holy man in the world, Smolinsky did not acknowledge he was swindled. He even applied his tyrannical preachings to the few customers who came into the store. Being the youngest and most daring, the remaining daughter Sara could not stand the ideas of the Old World any more. She ran away with a few dollars given by her mother and rented a small din... Free Essays on Jewish Family Free Essays on Jewish Family This novel is about a young girl in a Jewish family who struggled to free herself from her father’s obsolete teachings and beliefs. Coming to America at around the early 1900’s, the family found out the cruelty of the land of capitalism and faced the financial difficulties experienced by most immigrants. Everyone but the father adapted to the hardships and went out to earn a few cents. The father, Reb Smolinsky, was a rabbi and devoted himself totally to religion. As a matter of fact, he did not want to have his holiness contaminated by earthly worries; he expected his wife and four frail daughters to put food on the table. Somehow, he was completely blind to the poverty and, getting the largest share of meals, thought everyone had enough to eat. Thinking he was the head of the family, Smolinsky controlled the future of his daughters. Wanting quick money so that he could pray all day, the father did not agree to let a young man marry his oldest daughter Bessie, who assumed the financial burden and gave all her wage to Smolinsky. The young man promised to support Bessie and asked for no dowry. However, the rabbi saw no gain in this affair and drove away Bessie’s lover. Always finding faults in people, Smolinsky prevented his three older daughters from uniting with the ones they loved. In fact, he became a matchmaker and married his daughters to three frauds. At the end, he profited only five hundred dollars. Thinking he was smart and competent, the rabbi bought a general store with no stock for four hundred dollars. Because he was the most holy man in the world, Smolinsky did not acknowledge he was swindled. He even applied his tyrannical preachings to the few customers who came into the store. Being the youngest and most daring, the remaining daughter Sara could not stand the ideas of the Old World any more. She ran away with a few dollars given by her mother and rented a small din...

role of sexes essays

role of sexes essays Roles of the Sexes The submissive role of the female in a marriage or relationship is a common problem in many societies, including our own American society. This role has become so common that in fact it is now expected of the female. This male dominance goes as far back as the human race, to the beginning of relationships and marriage between the female and the male. Then, the physical prowess of the male led to his dominance in all situations and thus formed these roles. Even presently, with all our advances in equal rights and womens advances in the work fields, this role of submission and passivity is still present among our society. Why do women accept this role? Why hasnt it banished with the right to vote and her expansion into the male-dominated workplace? These roles are inbred into our society. The men are raised to lead and take charge. Women, on the other hand, are taught that their place is to keep peace, and in most scenarios that means conforming. There are many reasons women accept or allow this role. For many women, they find safety in allowing the male to dominate the relationship. The submissive role is familiar or so expected that the women fear changing the situation. Many authors illustrate this role of the sexes and portray some reasons and situations that are common in our society, such as Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, in her story The Hand, and James Joyce, in Eveline. These two authors both, even though each describes a woman in a very different, yet remarkably similar, situation, discuss one of the major reasons women succumb to males. Colette was a significant feminist in the early 1900s when the womens right movement was in full swing. She fought for equal opportunities for women and proved it was possible when she was the first woman to be admitted to the Goncourt Academy. As a novelis...

Cardiac Muscle Excitation Contraction Mediated From Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Biology Essay

Cardiac Muscle Excitation Contraction Mediated From Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Biology Essay In cardiac muscle, excitation-contraction coupling is mediated by calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors that are activated by calcium entry through L-type calcium channels on the sarcolemmal membrane. Although Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release triggered by the L-typed calcium current is the primary pathway for triggering Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, there are many other mechanisms that can also activate Ca2 + release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum such as Calcium induced calcium release (CICR) induced by T-typed calcium current, CICR triggered by calcium influx through Na+/Ca2+ exchange, and CICR mediated by calcium through tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Ca2+ current (ICa,TTX). As calcium is an important second messenger which is essential in regulating cardiac electrical activity as well as being the main activator of the myofilaments to which cause cardiac contraction. Mishandling of calcium is thought to lead many pathophysiol ogical conditions.  Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in regulating intracellular calcium and therefore contraction of the heart, may help to prevent and/or treat pathological conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias or heart failure by using therapeutic agents targeted at modulating intracellular calcium. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Calcium transport in ventricular myocytes 3 Figure 2: Six possible mechanism of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LTCC = L-type calcium channels CICR = Calcium induced calcium release ECC = Excitation-contraction coupling NCX = Sodium-Calcium Exchange SR = Sarcoplasmic Recticulum ICa = Calcium current ICa,T = T-type calcium current ICa,L = L-type calcium current ICa,TTX = Tetrodotoxin-sensitive calcium current RyRs = Ryanodine Receptor [Ca2+]i = Intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]Tot = Total concentration of Calcium PKA = Protein Kinase A LVH = Left Ventricular Hypertrophy HOCM = Hypertrophic obstructiv e cardiomyopathy Introduction In heart muscle cell, the depolarization of action potential is due to the entering of Na+ ions via voltage gated Na+ channels and it is called fast inward current. The immediate repolarization is not possible due to rapidly inactivation of Na+ channel and initial depolarization allow the entering of calcium through voltage-grated Ca2+ channels and it is called second or the slow inward current. The rate of sodium channels inactivation is more rapid than that of calcium channels so that Ca2+ enters into the cell providing the membrane potential to close to 0mV for some part of action potential of heart muscle (Reuter, 1984). Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is the process in which an action potential triggers a myocyte to contract. In excitable muscle cells, the excitation signal causes rapid depolarization that produces the physiological response of contraction. Calcium is a ubiquitous second messenger, important in both, regulating the electrical activity of the heart as well as stimulating the myofilaments directly to cause contraction (Bers, 2001). In mammalian cardiac myocytes, the process of ECC is mediated by Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space that triggers Ca2+ Calcium – induced Calcium release (CICR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (Bers, 1991; Stern & Lakatta, 1992). When action potential reaches the myocyte, causing it to undergo depolarization, which causes calcium ions to enter the cell through L type calcium channel located on the sarcolemma and thereby trigger calcium release from the SR. Calcium influx and the intracellular calcium concentration trigger the contraction of heart due to binding of Ca2+ to cardiac muscle fiber protein, troponin C. For activation of SR calcium release, the L-type calcium current is the most widely accepted mechanism thought to be responsible for CICR. However, SR calcium release can also be triggered by calcium influx through sodium-calcium exchange, calcium infl ux via T-type Ca2+ current or through tetrodotoxin-sensitive Ca2+ current, or Inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate (but not so much in cardiac muscle). Declining of calcium level in the cells cause the detachment of calcium from myofilament and resulting in relaxation of the heart. There are four main pathways for Ca2+ transport out of the cytosol including SR Ca2+ ATPase, sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase or mitochondrial Ca2+ uniport and sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchange. (Bers, 2002).

Liberation Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Liberation Theology - Essay Example Many European priests heeded his call and went to work alongside their Latin American colleagues. "In time, the arrival of priests who were accustomed to the economic and political situation in developed countries contributed significantly to the development of liberation theology". (Tombs, 2002, p. 18) The influx of foreign priests encouraged a sense of renewal in the Latin American church and particularly strengthened those who believed that poverty could and should be prevented. In the many instances where progressive priests faced resistance and persecution, the foreign priests were sometimes at an advantage over local nationals. This is the reason as to why "the Theology of Liberation and other early works of liberation theology focused attention on the urgent need for social justice and suggested a more open attitude towards socialism and Marxist analysis". (Tombs, 2002, p. 137) "Many poor families had lost their land and were forced to move to urban areas or remain in desperate conditions in rural areas, facing social exclusion". (Ribeiro, 1999, p. 304) Despite Liberation Theology, the main reason for confronting to the poor people of the society is that we have kept the basic principles of liberation theology aside, and are unable to recognize the true face of capitalism. T he Gospel messages have been out of touch from our lives. We can again start developing those liberation rules in our lives, which we have put aside. Those rules will make us start once again act according to true theologians of liberation. For this purpose we must start reading the bible in order to make it clear the social injustice confronted by the poor. We must percept the real image of socio analytical capitalistic system, which always dominated the poor in the context of human rights. The perception of social reality must be seen and implemented in the light of Bible quotations. Before a plan for a social program is being floated, the question to consider is, "Will this, or will this not, improve the situation of the poor" If it will, it should be supported, since it will bring about a consequent broadening of the degree of social justice in society. If it will not, it should be opposed, as it will simply entrench the non-poor with greater power than ever. "The opposite of a preferential option for the poor would be a preferential option for the rich, assuming that if the rich get more and more money and goods, some of the gains will 'trickle down' to the poor. This is a convenient theory for the well-to-do, but it is a dubious bit of economics, since those with wealth are exceedingly loath to share it with others, and the result of a preferential option for the rich is almost always that the rich get richer while the poor get poorer". (Brown, 1993, p. 32) There must be an equal distribution of wealth according to the principles of Liberation Theology. To feel the societal injustice, one must not find it hard how a verse in the scripture rings a responsive cord in the lives and hearts of the two thirds of the human family who go to bed hungry every night, or the parents who fear that their child will be one of the fifteen thousand children who die every day from starvation or malnutrition. "If we were truly hungry, we would have greate r

Topical case study report Who will stop Apple's dominance of the music Essay

Topical case study report Who will stop Apple's dominance of the music delivery business - Essay Example There are some elements of surprise with each of the Apple product. This element of surprise has been the primary strategy for Apple. Whenever Apple launches a new product, million dollars are generated in free internet publicity. This has been an important part of Apple’s carefully designed strategy in order to gain customer attention (OGrady, 2008). Today some of the major products of Apple include Macintosh computer, Apple TV, iPod, iPhone, iTunes etc. In April, 2003 Apple first launched its online music store, iTunes. The music store was launched with 200,000 tracks. There are exclusive tracks 20 special artists which include U2 and Bob Dylan (Borland, J. April 28, 2003). Apple, with the launching of this new online music store, has made its position stronger than it was ever before in the digital music world. Now, the question is that could this dominance of Apple be stopped. This paper includes an in depth strategic analysis of Apple as well as of iTunes. Strategic tools that are used are Porter’s five forces model, PESTLE analysis, and Porter’s generic model. The paper also includes a critical analysis of Apple’s competitor analysis, its current market share and position. Finally the paper ends with conclusion and some specific recommendation. iTunes Music Store was launched in United kingdom in mid of 2004. Almost 800,000 songs were sold in the first week only. With this huge figure Apple surpassed OD2 which is the main competitor of the company in the first few days. As far as features were concerned UK stores were almost identical to the stores in US. Competitiveness of online music stores market could be better analyzed with the help of Porter’s Five Forces model. Any industry’s structure could be analyzed by analyzing its competitive forces. According to Michael Porter there are five competitive forces that play an important role in shaping the structure of any

Wordview Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wordview Journal - Assignment Example It is one of the qualities of God to be all knowing and based on this understanding he has about each person, he claims that he knows what that person is going to choose yet he does not force us into acting in a certain way. The behaviors that have made me draw this conclusion are that he believes that people should have an internal locus of control. He is a doer, and he also acts as a consultant in order to help others to help achieve self liberation as well. This person has been very influential for me because it is one of the first satisfactory answers given to me about this basic dilemma of human life and helped me understand that we have a choice in what we do. Another person, who is one of my friends, also holds a very interesting world view. Although quite young, she still does not believe in the common advice of tit for tat. That person believes that when you dislike something in a person or that person does something bad to you and you reciprocate that bad action then it means that you also have the same traits in yourself. In other words, she believes that by doing so, you eventually become what you abhor or hate. The behavior that has enabled me to reach this conclusion is that whenever another friend is rude to her, she does not reciprocates those actions and tries to ignore such behaviors and maintain friendly attitude. Such a behavior is very rare and none of my other friends possess it. Such an attitude of this friend has enables me to calm down in conflict situations and I no longer believe that everything is just in a quarrel. Because of this person, I evaluated the things that I like and dislike and I maintain my composure and do not stoop low even when in a quarrel. Now when faced with such a situation, I never do or say those things that I would not like others to do or say to me. This has helped me to develop certain standards in my life and has resulted in a consistency of behavior. I have also

Sula in her Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sula in her Society - Essay Example When describing Sula’s hometown, the author offers the environment as one in which the local community is facing unemployment and the pain from not having work for an extended period of years. Morrison describes the community who watches Sula as being secretively pain-riddled where humor is utilized in an attempt to not have to focus on their poverty. Morrison describes a â€Å"shucking, knee-slapping, wet-eyed laughter that could even describe and explain how they came to be where they were†¦a nigger joke† (Morrison, 4). This describes a community which is well-aware of their social status, however they feel virtually powerless to break free from this lifestyle and utilize humor to gain a sense of control and to cope. Sula is powerfully-different from this lifestyle belief and manages, over her lifetime, to develop quality friendships and find the positive self-identity she is searching for. In Sula’s household, the women use door-slamming and other extreme behaviors such as throwing objects as a means to gain a perception of control over a very chaotic household environment and poverty living standards. Toni Morrison illustrates these wild behaviors in Sula’s household to describe how her upbringing taught Sula that relief from stress and unhappiness in the form of these extreme behaviors were positive methods to gain power over the boundaries caused by their gender, racial and financial statuses. Toni Morrison likely described the environment where Sula was raised as a means to highlight the sociological problems of African-American women during the novel’s time-period. Her hometown maintains many more-affluent white citizens which also impacts the view of the self which less-privileged people experienced from 1920-1960. Morrison is clearly using Sula, and her somewhat unorthodox belief in living life to its fullest, as a representation that an individual does not

Managing Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Contracts - Essay Example Contract management is not an exact science (Gray and Larson, 412) and there is no perfect contract management system (412). An effective contract management system acts as an interface between the buyer’s and the supplier’s organization. Individuals or teams applying the contract management system should have requisite technical, contractual, and business knowledge to understand both sides of the arrangement. A contract is a legally binding instrument typically carried out with customers, vendors, partners or employees. It includes negotiating terms and conditions and ensuring their compliance. A contract results when each party, the contractor and the customer, promises the other a valuable benefit. The customer must have all the funds ready for the execution of a project and cannot expect any benefits until the completion of the project. Contract or agreement is the document that enables the initiation and conduct of a project (Hill, 611). Contract is the confirmation of the customer’s request for the project and represents the contractor’s intent to achieve project deliverables and objectives (Hill, 611). Contract is more than a formal agreement between two parties and is a codification of the private law, which governs the relationship between the customer and the service provider (Gray and Larson, 413). Contract can be made with or within an organization. This usually means while one party promises to deliver certain goods, property or services by a specified date and the other party promises to accept the goods, property, or services and pay for them. Failure of one party to keep its promise may result in action by the other for breach of contract (Lock). Since contract management requires time and effort, adequate resources must be allocated to it. The conditions of the contract need to be clearly

Wordview Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wordview Journal - Assignment Example It is one of the qualities of God to be all knowing and based on this understanding he has about each person, he claims that he knows what that person is going to choose yet he does not force us into acting in a certain way. The behaviors that have made me draw this conclusion are that he believes that people should have an internal locus of control. He is a doer, and he also acts as a consultant in order to help others to help achieve self liberation as well. This person has been very influential for me because it is one of the first satisfactory answers given to me about this basic dilemma of human life and helped me understand that we have a choice in what we do. Another person, who is one of my friends, also holds a very interesting world view. Although quite young, she still does not believe in the common advice of tit for tat. That person believes that when you dislike something in a person or that person does something bad to you and you reciprocate that bad action then it means that you also have the same traits in yourself. In other words, she believes that by doing so, you eventually become what you abhor or hate. The behavior that has enabled me to reach this conclusion is that whenever another friend is rude to her, she does not reciprocates those actions and tries to ignore such behaviors and maintain friendly attitude. Such a behavior is very rare and none of my other friends possess it. Such an attitude of this friend has enables me to calm down in conflict situations and I no longer believe that everything is just in a quarrel. Because of this person, I evaluated the things that I like and dislike and I maintain my composure and do not stoop low even when in a quarrel. Now when faced with such a situation, I never do or say those things that I would not like others to do or say to me. This has helped me to develop certain standards in my life and has resulted in a consistency of behavior. I have also

Managing Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Contracts - Essay Example Contract management is not an exact science (Gray and Larson, 412) and there is no perfect contract management system (412). An effective contract management system acts as an interface between the buyer’s and the supplier’s organization. Individuals or teams applying the contract management system should have requisite technical, contractual, and business knowledge to understand both sides of the arrangement. A contract is a legally binding instrument typically carried out with customers, vendors, partners or employees. It includes negotiating terms and conditions and ensuring their compliance. A contract results when each party, the contractor and the customer, promises the other a valuable benefit. The customer must have all the funds ready for the execution of a project and cannot expect any benefits until the completion of the project. Contract or agreement is the document that enables the initiation and conduct of a project (Hill, 611). Contract is the confirmation of the customer’s request for the project and represents the contractor’s intent to achieve project deliverables and objectives (Hill, 611). Contract is more than a formal agreement between two parties and is a codification of the private law, which governs the relationship between the customer and the service provider (Gray and Larson, 413). Contract can be made with or within an organization. This usually means while one party promises to deliver certain goods, property or services by a specified date and the other party promises to accept the goods, property, or services and pay for them. Failure of one party to keep its promise may result in action by the other for breach of contract (Lock). Since contract management requires time and effort, adequate resources must be allocated to it. The conditions of the contract need to be clearly

Biohybrid Devices Essay Example for Free

Biohybrid Devices Essay Biohybrid devices. Biohybrid devices are implantable medical contraptions that undergo vascularization inside the body before the normal human cells (such as islet cells of Langerhans) can be placed inside them. They provide local immunosuppression that ensures that the normal human cells are not rejected by the host’s immune system or the graft versus host disease (Dorian). Biohybrid devices can be used to prevent diseases such as liver failure and diabetes. For persons at risk of developing type I diabetes mellitus (such as genetically predisposed individuals) or pre-diabetic individuals, their islets cells of Langerhans can be protected by biohybrid devices (Ricchie). These biohybrid devices are designed using nanoencapsulation technology into conformal polymer biomaterials that form a scaffold over the population of islet cells of Langerhans in the endocrine pancreas; thereby preventing the auto-antibodies from accessing the islets cells, and, causing irreversible injury to the cells by auto-immune reactions that ultimately lead to cell death, and, absolute lack of insulin production (Lucy et al). For the pre-diabetic individuals on immunomodulatory medications, the biohybrid scaffold locally concentrates the drug thus increasing its pharmacologic efficiency and reducing its systemic toxicity. The biohybrid scaffold also improves nutrient distribution across the islet cells and reduces stress encountered by the islet cells of Langerhans (Nazek). Liver failure caused by autoimmune hepatitis can be prevented by biohybrid devices, which form an, intricate conformal scaffold on the hepatocytes surface thereby blocking the auto-antibodies from interacting with the hepatocytes, and, causing immune-mediated liver necrosis (Nazek). Oxygen diffusion is critical for hybrid artificial organs because the normal human cells within them require oxygen for aerobic oxidative respiration and reduced oxygen diffusion may cause hypoxia (a form of cell injury) that leads to impaired physiological processes within the cells and ultimately to cell death(Lemburt et al). This necessitates that the biohybrid device be made of optimal design that allows adequate oxygen diffusion and consumption by the normal human cells (Dorian). These designs are based on experimental mathematical models (Provust). The characteristics that influence the rate of oxygen diffusion across the biohybrid device are geometry (for instance, the spherical organoid biohybrid artificial liver [BAL] was observed to consume oxygen at rates that approximate normal hepatocytes oxygen consumption, while, the hollow tube model of BAL consumed oxygen at rates several magnitudes lower than normal hepatocytes), thickness of the biohybrid device(for instance, models of biohybrid blood vessels made up of hollow fiber scaffold exhibited correlation between increasing scaffold wall thickness and reduced oxygen perfusion) and permeability of the biohybrid device surface to oxygen. This oxygen permeability is a function of the intrinsic property of the polymer that is used to construct the scaffolds of the biohybrid device; also, the nanoencapsulation design influences oxygen permeability albeit to a smaller extent (Silvius). There are several differences between intravascular and extra vascular biohybrid devices as explained below. Intravascular biohybrid devices are placed within the large blood vessels where they act as stents, or, they connect several blood vessels thereby acting as a biocompatible immunoprotective shunts; thus, the normal human cells within such devices obtain nourishment directly from the circulating blood. Extravascular biohybrid devices are placed outside the vascular compartment, for example, planar macro-capsules (extravascular devices) are placed in the peritoneal cavity; the normal human cells in these devices depend on diffusion to obtain the necessary nutrients and oxygen. The extravascular devices are easily implantable and retrievable, but, the intravascular devices would need surgery in order to implant or retrieve them (Triavek). The geometry of biohybrid devices affects their efficiency because the normal human cells within them require an appropriate three-dimensional structure that maximizes the effective surface area in order to obtain adequate nutrition, oxygen and eliminate metabolic wastes. Geometry also influences the population of human cells that can be placed inside a biohybrid device. Geometry of biohybrid device also affects the interaction between the device and the human immune system (Nazek).

Iodine: Properties, Uses and Dangers

Iodine: Properties, Uses and Dangers Introduction: Iodine is an indispensable micronutrient required in small amounts for the normal physiological function of the human body [1]. Iodine is a critical component of the thyroid hormones, which are necessary for various metabolic and enzymatic processes. These processes include control of the body’s metabolic rate, growth and development, neuron function and development. The recommended dietary intake for adult men and non-pregnant women is 150  µg/d, 220-250  µg/d for pregnant women and 250-290  µg/d for breastfeeding women (American thyroid Association) [2]. Seafood, dairy products, and plants grown in iodine-rich soils are decent sources of iodine as food [3]. Most other foods contain low amounts of iodine so individuals require additional sources to meet the recommended amounts. Insufficient intake of iodine results in a variety of disorders referred to as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). They include mental impairment, goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland), hypoth yroidism, and dwarfism [1-3]. IDD is especially destructive during the early stages of pregnancy and in early childhood. In their most severe form, IDD include cretinism (extreme case of neurological damage from fetal hypothyroidism), stillbirth and miscarriage, and increased infant mortality. IDD is a noteworthy public health problem in more than 50 countries. According, to the World Health Organization (2004) [4] an estimated 2 billion people worldwide (35.2% of the world population) suffer from inadequate iodine intake. Iodide is crucial to thyroid function in vertebrates, with vital implications for human health. It is important to recall that more than 95% of total iodine necessary for humans is accumulated in the thyroid gland. The history of therapeutic use of iodine dates back centuries. It has been described as the most potent antiseptic available. However, its therapeutic uses require careful evaluation because of its narrow range of intake to support optimal thyroid function [5]. One of the most notable features of iodine as an antiseptic is the lack of selection of resistant strains. Only one report of iodine resistance has been published [6]. The behaviour of iodine-based antiseptics on skin was investigated by Gottardi in 1995. Iodine antiseptics have wide scope of antimicrobial activity, killing all principal pathogens and given enough time even spores. Iodine based preparations and iodine salts are widely used as antimicrobial remedies, especially in the form of alcoholic solutions. This is due to the broad antimicrobial activity of iodine and the low cost of iodine components [7]. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine and duration of use. Povidone-iodine prepara tions are widely used as an antiseptic to prepare patient’s skin before surgery and are also used by surgeons and theatre staff as a skin cleaner and antiseptic in preoperative hand scrubs [8]. Many other wound dressing material containing iodine are Inadine, Iodosorb, Iodoflex, Iodozyme, Repithel etc. [9]. The antimicrobial property of iodine has been using for water disinfection since First world war to disinfect drinking water for troops in France and subsequently, US army during second world war used Globalin (tetraglycine hydroperiodide) tablets [10]. Iodine based disinfectant has been in use by NASA in space flights [11]. Today iodine based disinfection materials are mainly available in two forms, as iodine solution and iodine resin [12]. Iodine resins are solid-phase iodine disinfectants. Iodine resins are generally regarded as demand release disinfectants [12]. Starting in the early 1990’s increasing interest in the chemistry of polyvalent organic reagents is also notable and since then an innumerable of reports on the use of such compounds in organic synthesis have been published [13]. Wijs reagent, a solution of iodine monochloride in acetic acid and can be prepared from a mixture of iodine and iodine trichloride, is used for the estimation of the iodine value of fats and oils [14]. However there are various problems associated with the use of free iodine, like excess iodine ingestion cause thyroid disorders, irritation of tissues and short duration of action when used as antimicrobial remedies and high degree of instability [15]. These problems were overcome by the development of iodophores. Iodophores are complexes between iodine and a solubilising agent or carrier to increase the solubility and endure the release of iodine. In an aqueous iodophore solution, iodine is present in the form of different thermodynamically stable anionic iodine species and diatomic iodine [16]. Anionic species of iodine could interact with cationic groups of various polymers and form polymeric iodophores as ionic complexes. Four types of carriers have been generally used:- i) Polyoxymer iodophores. ii) Cationic surfactant iodophores. iii) Non-ionic surfactant iodophores. iv) Polyvinyl-pyrrolidine iodophores (also known as povidone iodine or PVP-I). In most of these carriers iodine is present in aggregates (or micelles) of surfactants, which act as reservoir of iodine. Polyoxymer iodophore are complexes of non-ionic copolymers with iodine. In case of non-ionic surfactant iodophore the complex formation take place through donor-acceptor mechanism with the surfactant ethereal oxygen (as donor) and iodine (as acceptor) [17]. PVP with iodine forms a stable charge-transfer complex. In PVP-I solutions, free species of iodine are formally controlled by the mass action law including a coupled reversible interaction between iodine–iodide, triiodide–polymer and iodine–triiodide–polymer complexes [18]. In 1981, Cadexomer iodine was developed as another means of delivering benign iodine. Cadexomer is a derivative of dextrines (containing some number of carboxyl groups) cross-linked with epichlorohydrin and exits in the form of water-insoluble microbeads; 0.9% of molecular iodine is physically (not chemically) tra pped in the core of these microbeads [19]. Solubility of elemental iodine increases in the presence of iodide ions, such as potassium iodide, where iodine reacts to form tri-iodide ions. Aqueous solutions of iodine are not stable and, depending on conditions, many different species may be present. Of these, it is believed that molecular iodine (I2) has the highest antimicrobial potential. Stability is influenced by pH and activity diminishes with increased alkalinity and storage time [20]. The seven principal iodine species found in aqueous solution are I2, HOI, OIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, H2OI+, I3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, Ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, of which only hydrated iodine (I2), hypoiodous acid (HOI) and iodine cation (H2OI+) possess bactericidal activity. At physiologically compatible pH and low concentrations, the only species of importance are Ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, I2 and I3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ [21]. The type and nature of the iodine species present in the iodine-polymer complexes depends on t he nature of the polymer. Many iodine- synthetic polymers complexes were known to regulate the release of iodine like povidone-iodine (Betadine), iodine incorporated resins (quaternary ammonium polymers), iodpolycom complex (vinylpyrrolidone and butyl methacrylate) [7, 18, 19] etc. Medical research of the Sklifosovskiy Research Institute and the National Centre for Toxicological and biological Safety of Medical Products (Report No. 5-10, Jan 11. 2012) [7] demonstrated that the complexed iodine exerted no burning effects on surrounding tissues. However there are some disadvantages associated with iodine-artificial polymers like non-biodegradability, toxicity, expensive etc. which can be overcome by using natural gums. References: J. Agarwal, C. S. Pandav, M. G. Karmarkar, S. Nair, Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi, Public Heath Nutrition, 14:5 754-757 (2010). American Thyroid Association, news release, June, 5, (2013). S. F. Morell, The Great Iodine Debate- Weston A. Price Foundation, Wise Tradition in food, Farming and the Healing Arts, 13:14 1-35 (2012). World Health Organization. Iodine status worldwide. WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Geneva, Switzerland, Jun 28, (2010). J. Stansbury, P. Saunders, D. Winston, Promoting healthy thyroid function with Iodine, Bladderwrack, Guggul and its Iris, J. Restorative Medicine, 1, 83-89 (2012). G. Mycock, Methicillin/antiseptic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet, 2, 949–950 (1985). A. B. Davydov, S. I. Belyh, V. V. Kravets, Iodine-Containing Coating with Prolonged Antimicrobial Activity based on water insoluble Polymer Matrix, Biomedical Engineering, 46, 237-240 (2013). R. G. Sibbald, D. J. Leaper, D. Queen, Iodine Made Easy. Wounds international, 2:2 1-6 (2011). S. Boothman, Iodine White Paper: The Use of Iodine in Wound Therapy, Systagenix, (2010). M. R. Rogers, J. J. Vitaliano, Military Individual and Small Group Water Disinfecting System: An Assessment, Military Medicine, 142:4 268-277 (1977). S. Punyani, P. Narayana, H. Singh, P. Vasudevan, Iodine based water disinfection: A review, J Sci. Ind Res 65 116-120 (2006). E. L. Jarroll, Effect of Disinfectant on Giardia Cysts. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 18:1 1-28 (1988). V. V. Zhdankin, P. J. Stang, Chemistry of polyvalent iodine, Chem. Rev, 108, 5299–5358 (2008). E. E. Gooch, Determination of the Iodine value of selected Oils: An Experiment combining FTIR Spectroscopy with Iodometric titrations, Chem. Educator, 6, 7–9 (2001). G. Selvaggi, S. Monstrey, K. V. Landuyt, M. Hamdi, P. Blondeel, The role of iodine in antisepsis and wound management: A reappraisal, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 103, 241-247 (2003). W. Gottardi, Iodine and Disinfection: Theoretical Study on mode of action, Efficiency, Stability, and Analytical aspects in aqueous system, Arch. Pharm. Pharm. Med. Chem, 332, 151-157 (1999). S. K. Hait, S. P. Moulik, Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Non-ionic Surfactants by Donor–Acceptor Interaction with Iodine and Correlation of CMC with Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance and Other Parameters of the Surfactants, J. Surfactants Deterg. 4:30 303-309 (2001). R. Klimaviciute, J. Bendoraitiene, R. Rutkaite, J. Siugzdaite, A. Zemaitaitis, Preparation, stability and antimicrobial activity of cationic cross-linked starch-iodine complex, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 51, 800-807 (2012). J. Bendoraitiene, E. Mazoniene, J. E. Zemaitaitiene, A. Zemaitaitis, Interaction of Polydiallyldimethyl ammonium Salts with Iodine, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100, 2710-2716 (2006). W. Gottardi, Iodine and iodine compounds. In: Block SS, editor. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger, Chapter 8, 183–96 (1983). W. Gottardi, The formation of iodate as a reason for the decrease of efficiency of iodine containing disinfectant (author transl), Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg. B. 172, 151–157 (1981).

Countering the Culture of Sex :: Teen Pregnancy Ellen Goodman Essays

Countering the Culture of Sex Over the past twenty years teenage pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases between teenagers have been growing problems in the United States. In two articles, â€Å"Countering the Culture of Sex,† by Ellen Goodman and â€Å"Moms have strong impact on teen sexual activity,† by Daniel B. Wood solutions are brought as to how we can solve these growing problems. One text spends its time picking at the media, while the other shines the light on parents and guardians. Both writings push our society to see what is happening to the teenagers of our country, and asks our citizens to do something about it. While there is no clarity as to which paper has a greater understanding of how to solve this matter, by combining the ideas of both texts a solution is brought about that is sure to make an impact positively for this cause. In â€Å"Countering the Culture of Sex,† by Ellen Goodman, the author paints the portrait of a community that sells sex to kids just as easily as it sells any merchandise. Goodman says that the images broadcast to teenagers day in and day out creates this illustration of a world with no consequences for unprotected acts of sexual behavior. She says that teenagers are more greatly influenced by their favorite television stars than they are by their own parents. Teenagers are watching their favorite celebrities having unprotected sex with no â€Å"reality†. Television does not show its characters getting pregnant at sixteen or contracting HIV. The argument in this literary work is that children are fed a false image of sex and thus do not know what they are getting themselves into when they have unprotected sex. The author calls on Congress to get involved, â€Å"These messages that kids actually listen to ought to be piped into the hearing rooms where Congress is busy c oncocting a new welfare policy†. Goodman wraps up the article with a little sexual truth-in-advising, â€Å"one part passion to two parts diapers†. In â€Å"Moms have strong impact on teen sexual activity,† by Daniel B. Wood, the idea of parents having greater influence on their children than our society has given them credit for in recent years is used. Wood claims that parents are the key to keeping our children from making the mistake of unprotected and uneducated sex. This article reports that â€Å"21 percent of boys and 19 percent of girls have engaged in sexual intercourse before the age of fourteen.

Hemingway :: essays research papers

From the time Ernest Hemingway became a renowned author, his works, as well as his life, have been analyzed by many. Under such scrutiny, many aspects of Hemingway’s works and life experiences have been in question to the realities and fallacies, which he laid forth. Much of Hemingway’s life, especially his time volunteering as an ambulance driver in Europe, has been in question to the true validity of his myth as a true adventurer and hero. However, as I have found, much of the mythology surrounding Hemingway is very true indeed, which leads me to believe that he did not embellish his life but rather used his experiences to create some of the greatest works of literature to be written throughout the twentieth century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Ernest Hemingway’s greatest novels, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms†, has been surrounded by controversy among literary, as well as historical, scholars regarding Hemingway’s inspiration for the famous novel. Many feel that Ernest Hemingway created this fictional book solely from his imagination rather than his experiences, while others believe that Hemingway drew the inspiration for this book from his experience as a volunteer ambulance driver throughout the war. Even though there has been much controversy, there is documented historical proof that the experiences that Hemingway had experienced from his time in the war had influenced his creation of â€Å"A Farewell to Arms†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most prevalent sources for Ernest Hemingway’s inspiration for â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† can be found in his relationship with ( ?Anges, the Amer. Nurse), who was a love interest and nurse at the hospital that Hemingway recuperated at after being injured by machine gun fire. The relationship that was created between Hemingway and (Anges) led to the inspiration and creation of one of the main character in â€Å"A Farewell to Arms†, as Mrs. Catherine Barkley. The similarities between these two characters of Hemingway’s life, one real and the other fictitious, is astonishing. For instance, both Catherine Barkley and (Anges) where pretty American nurses during a war, while both also being in love with a wounded ambulance driver at their hospitals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The similarities between the people of Hemingway’s life and his fictitious characters can also be found between Lieutenant Henry, the main character of â€Å"A Farewell to Arms†, and Hemingway himself. Once again, the similarities between these characters is astonishing; so much that Lieutenant Henry seems to be Hemingway’s idea of his younger self rather that a fictitious character.

Discuss the Importance of Ethics in Business in Light of the Recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC)

The 2008 global financial crisis has affected today’s economy severely based on the collapses on issues such as immoral practices, governance, regulations, enterprise ethics. Factors to consider with the collapse that lead to the financial crisis is the dangerous outcomes that financial companies were not foreseen in advanced of borrowing mortgages for the companies. The change of ethics through enterprises demonstrate how business approaches to ethics over the past years where ethics is seen in different perspectives. Lessons are learnt from financial failures in the lack of awareness in ethical performances to businesses. The recent global financial crisis has recently existed with a lack of awareness on business ethics policies where unprofessional practices are performed on dangerous mortgage borrowers have occurred without having any awareness of the outcomes of financial collapses (Lewis 2010). Business ethics is defined as the significance of moral performances on business in workplaces. Also Lewis (2010, p2) has mentioned that â€Å"lending practices† have become out of control and increasingly inexistence since the finance industry has given out mortgages to people that do not have the capacity to repay back their mortgages which worsens the situation into a financial deterioration. Greed is another issue to consider in the collapse of the financial crisis where financial institutions did not look at peoples abilities on whether the mortgages they have borrowed from the bank can be repaid without any debts arising like in this financial crisis. In other words greed and unethical performances can lead to such situation as the global financial crisis, seeing the collapse of mortgages and corporations in business ethics. Governance is defined as policies or methods installed to administrate how businesses operate and Regulation is defined as a structured type of regulation managed in finance companies (Clarke 2010). There are certain problems existing with the issues on governance and regulation with its attachment to the global financial crisis. Issues such as subprime mortgages and stock markets play a major role to the fall of the economy. The collapse of governance policies lead to the unsuccessful process of giving subprime mortgages to corporations that are incapable of managing their repayments on the mortgages which also leads to a downfall on house prices. With a failure to regulation policies to the financial crisis the stock market began to collapse where when people were unaware of this situation and mortgages started to have trouble increasing their capital on the balance sheets. Borrowing mortgages in the United States can also be part of a culture where citizens want to own their own houses but are still not aware of the dangerous downfalls that have occurred to companies that cannot repay their mortgages. Thus the situation for both regulation and governance collapses will only increase if no solution to the problem occurs such as being more aware of who borrows out the sub prime mortgages and what are the dangers with borrowing mortgages to the financial corporations. The economic crisis and financial disasters also play a role to the downfall of business ethics in the financial crisis where problems such as misunderstanding of communication in ethical behaviour arises (Jameson 2009). Huge companies in the economy had bad predictions and insufficient evidence to prove that mortgage investments were safe to be mortgaged out, where clients are not alert of the future threats of not being able to repay back the mortgages companies have given to the stakeholders. Jameson (2009, p502) states that â€Å"Managers who had inside information about the problems failed to persuade others to take appropriate action† this meaning managers did not perform their duty to inform clients about the troubles these mortgages had in the future. Speaking generally economics and financial disasters can exist from the insufficient communication of ethics to the stakeholders about the dangers of mortgage collapses. The shortage of attendance to business ethics has a big impact to the financial crisis where honesty in ethics plays a major role. Regulators are considered to have good purposes to financial organisations but contain destroying results which is the boom of debts where honestly cannot be found in ethical ways for businesses (Huw 2010). The guidance of teaching more on ethical practices is being greatly regulated by the financial associations that will learn their honesty which will avoid such shortages of unawareness of honest ethical practices. In general ethical practices regulated to the finance industry need to be existing to avoid future problems of financial breakage. The changes of ethical conduct in sustainable enterprises shows how today’s society in business performs different points of views on ethics. To expand ethical enterprises it is very important to be aware of what is morally and immorally correct in different cultures which has an impact on the changes of enterprises over the past thirty years (Potocan & Mulej 2007). The concept of culture in ethical approaches relates to circumstances like Enron and Royal Ahold where a one perspective approach to enterprises was applied. To improve the situation Enron and Ahold should be a lesson learnt for future expansion of ethical practices in relation to perspectives of enterprises. Thus the change of sustainable enterprises can be seen through cases such as Enron and Ahold and how today’s society is moving forward with more awareness on enterprise performances. The importance of financial service industries on having more regulations installed to enforce the performances based on the principles of ethics where seen in past financial crises that has seen huge losses in capital and the motivation to put through transactions that could crash companies downfall on share markets (Cascio, WF & Cappelli, P 2009) . The more time consumed on ethical regulations which will help improve financial companies in their ethical performances in avoiding the financial crisis in business ethics. As Cascio has mentioned financially colleagues in the workplace were jeopardising their chances in reducing themselves by hiding the losses the companies have accumulated business to the loans that were unrepayable. The fixing of regulations in ethical practices in businesses helps make financial areas of the workplace avoid future financial crisis situations from reoccurring. Therefore financial association should aim to be more aware of ethical situation in relation to the 2008 global financial crisis. In conclusion there are plenty of factors contributing to the recent global financial crisis that affect the current existance of corporate governance, business ethics and regulations which will benefit a lot to finance companies. The unawareness of subprime mortgages in the collapse of the financial crisis will only increase if no governance and regulations on ethical performances are installed to avoid future problems. The modification of enterprise ethics has learnt that different perspectives on morals will benefit organisations financially giving important advice about investments before risking companies to a downfall on mortgages, practices on borrowing loans and the management of stock markets.

Large-scale energy and metallurgy Essay

Industrialisation (or industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.[2] Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalisation. There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.[3] Key positive factors identified by researchers have ranged from favourable political-legal environments for industry and commerce, through abundant natural resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost, skilled and adaptable labour. As industrial workers’ incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. The first country to industrialise was the United Kingdom during the Industrial Revolution, commencing in the 18th century.[4] By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world.[5] Contents [hide] 1 Description 2 History of industrialisation 2.1 Industrial revolution in Europe 2.2 Early industrialisation in other countries 2.3 The Third World 2.4 Petrol-producing countries 2.5 Industrialisation in Asia 2.6 Newly industrialised countries 3 Social consequences 3.1 Urbanisation 3.2 Exploitation 3.3 Change to family structure 4 Current situation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Description[edit] According to the original sector-classification developed by Jean Fourastià © (1907-1990), an economy consists of: a â€Å"primary sector† of commodity production (farming, livestock breeding, exploitation of mineral resources) a â€Å"secondary sector† of manufacturing and processing (as paid work) a â€Å"tertiary sector† of service industries Historically, the industrialisation process involves the expansion of the secondary sector in an economy originally dominated by primary-sector activities. The first transformation to an industrial economy from an agricultural one, known as the Industrial Revolution, took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany, and France. Later commentators have called this the first industrial revolution.[4][6] The â€Å"Second Industrial Revolution† labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost.[7][8][9] The lack of an industrial sector in a country can slow growth in the country’s economy and power, so governments often encourage or enforce industrialisation. On the other hand, the presence of industry in a country does not mean in general that it will bring wealth and prosperity to the people of that country. And third, the presence of an industry in one country can make it more difficult for other countries to develop the same type of industry. This can be seen in the computer software and internet industries. Started from the US around the 1990s these industries seemed to spread over the world. But after a period of monopolisation less than a decade long, the globally-leading companies remain concentrated in the US.[citation needed] Their economic power and capacity to dominate the media work against the developing of the same types of industry in other states. History of industrialisation[edit]