Philosophy of Music Education in the Indian Context Essay

These goals must be the first and foremost reason why we teach music. To instill an even greater understanding and love of the domain thus enabling our students develop a genuine interest and continue a life long journey that’s undertaken in varying degrees and through diverse roles. Phenix (1986) stress on the fact that knowledge of methods makes it possible for a person to continue learning and undertake inquiries on his own (p. 11). Estelle Jorgenson in her book â€Å"Transforming Music Education† eloquently describes the need for music education to be transformed for the very reason that children be able to continue developing their knowledge beyond the classroom. Effective music education is built of a foundation that encompasses discussions, goals, materials and strategies, based on a teacher’s knowledge and experience of music and child development, educational guidelines and â€Å"overarching, and developing philosophy of music education† (Fiske, 2012). Before I elucidate my philosophy about music, I recognize the need to clarify my stand as a music educator who is passionate and determined to elevate the status of music education within classrooms around India. My Musical Experiences Music has always been a part of me for as long as I can remember. My earliest memories of music, especially the performance aspect, goes back to when I was three years old and sang a solo for a Christmas Concert that was organized by the radio station that my father worked at. I have memories of him kneeling on one knee and playing the guitar for me while I sang after which I was delighted to receive a big present from Santa. Ever since, I have enjoyed performing, and have so felt so comfortable on stage. All along I grew up listening to Christian gospel music and many contemporary arrangements of hymns. Supplementary to that my father offered me a rich experience of Indian hindustani devotional music. I learned songs by ear and didn’t realize what I was missing at this point, imagining what I learned in music to be the only way to absorb and internalize it. Performing was something that I enjoyed doing and it came naturally to me, partly because of my early initiation into leading worship at church. My true test of endurance came about when I was introduced to Western Classical Music at the age of 14, through the study of two years of piano. My teacher, like many others around, displayed an extremely formalistic approach and didn’t do much to expand my understanding of music beyond what was on the page and how I was supposed to read it. In response to this method I didn’t enjoy learning from the pages of notated music books, as much as I did learning by ear, and I continued to develop as a musician who played by ear and improvised at will. Studying opera during undergrad was a trying phase for me because of my inability to â€Å"connect the dots† as easily as I should have been able to. My aural skills remained excellent and I sometimes relied on that to carry me through certain phases. Hard work and determination became my motto, and I spent hours to understand and perfect music that was assigned to me, as I wanted to do my very best. Although I had composed songs earlier, without notating them, the study of music theory opened up a whole new world for me. I could now add variety and richness to my music through the concepts I was learning. Music became a new language for me; I was captivated by the way it lent itself to diverse experiences through different musical roles (something that I wasn’t aware of or didn’t pay attention to earlier). As a Music Teacher Although I initially joined a conservatory to study vocal performance, I found myself deeply drawn towards music education, and during my second semester decided to learn more about devising meaningful and persuasive trategies to improve the standard of music education in India. This thought emerged from an understanding that I had felt almost cheated for having lost out on so many years of studying music formally, yet effectively. I didn’t have a choice because structured music instruction simply wasn’t available at all the schools that I studied in, or the quality of instruction didn’t serve the purpose of educating or informing students like me. What gave the impression of a music class/lesson at school was in reality an enthusiastic way of keeping students occupied for forty minutes in simple singing, with a concert for parents every once a year. We learned songs by rote to perform them, year after year. During those years though, I didn’t realize the limitations that this system came with and continued to enjoy the fact that I was in choir and able to sing. This vacuum remains largely visible and unattended to in schools today, although some music educators in the recent past have taken huge steps towards improving the quality and effectiveness of their instruction in classrooms around India. Their efforts however remain predominantly an enthusiastic endeavor. What is urgently required is certainly something much more than sincere teaching. It calls for a transformation of the present system, giving room for every child to receive superior music education that fits into the whole. The need of every student being met in a transformed educational framework that constantly reshapes itself to accommodate new ideas and strategies. After all, as Regelski (2003) rightly points out that music (music education) is for everyone and not just for an elite few. The turning point in my decision to finally teach music myself came about when I enrolled my four-year-old daughter, Tiara, for after-school piano lessons. I hoped to give her a head start, with the understanding that she needn’t have to face the same challenges in learning music, like I had to. However, after a few classes, I realized to my complete dissatisfaction that there was no structure, no thought and imagination, and no clarity in what was being thought to her. Her fingering on the piano was all over the place for the two songs that her teacher worked on â€Å"Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star. † And â€Å"Baa Baa Black Sheep† Her teacher (I later learned wasn’t introduced to classical notation), taught her these songs by writing letters in a book and instructing her to commit it to heart. Lesson after lesson they would follow the same outline with no emphasis on any other musical aspects whatsoever. I decided I wasn’t going to take this lying down! I had to do all within my capacity to change the face of music education, as the vast majority of people understand it. I began studying about music education as well, to inform and equip myself for the task at hand. Around this period, my voice teacher encouraged me to coach students in voice, and I began shying away from it believing I was under qualified and needed many years of study to begin teaching. However, with a newfound passion and vigor, I accepted to coaching some of his voice students and also began to teach small groups of students on the history of music (because I loved learning about it). Meanwhile, I started training both my young daughters at home constantly developing new ideas and strategies to introduce musical concepts to them. A friend noticed my teaching style and asked if I would teach her daughter too, and thus began my professional journey as a music educator. Four years since then, I find myself accountable for the music instruction I offer to over 250 children across various age groups, who are part of my school. The need is so great within schools, and only a few educators are willing to take the extra effort of educating themselves and being channels of superior music instruction-catalysts of sorts. I am blessed to have a team of ten teachers who share in my vision and work alongside me in imparting music to the children who are part of our music school, â€Å"Harmony†. My long-term vision is to enhance the music programs in India for the betterment of as many children as possible. Individuals don’t realize what they’re missing until they’ve been given a taste of it, a glimpse of the bigger picture (much like my case). Through our school performances I aim on providing a window for the change to take place. A transformation that not only affects my students, but others around them as well through their personal interactions with each other and the community as a whole. My Personal Philosophy â€Å"A field or discipline without philosophical guidance, without critically examined ideals and commitment to their revision in light of the diverse and changing needs of those it seeks to serve, is more akin to an occupation han a profession† (Bowman & Frega, 2012, p. 23). For my vision to bear fruit and show evidence of becoming something concrete, I realize the need to develop my philosophy of music to an extent that equips me with the requisite tools to be able to initiate the change that I seek after. In the words of Jorgenson (2008), â€Å"I want to excavate beneath the superficial and demonstrable skills to think about the ideas and principles of music teaching, the things that drive and shape †. According to Kivy (2002), â€Å"A practice or discipline or body of knowledge, then, seems to become ‘eligible’ (If that is the right word) for philosophy, properly so–called, when it becomes for us a way of life: when it cuts so deeply into our natures as human beings that we are impelled to explore and reveal its innermost workings† (p. 7). It is necessary for me to â€Å"clarify the major dimensions of musical experience† so I can â€Å"effectively offer them to, and nurture them within, â€Å" my students (Reimer, 2003, p. 9), this despite the passion and conviction with which I teach and advocate the need for arts in schools. I have begun to develop a synergistic mindset in my philosophy of music education after my reading and researching the literature, coupled with practical experiences over the last few years. Reimer (2003) points out â€Å" A synergistic mind-set is one open to cooperation as an alternative to contention, to searching for points of agreement or confluence as an alternative to fixating on discord, to recognizing nuances in which seemingly opposed views are capable of some level of contention† (p. 30). I agree with Reimer’s democratic view that musical meaning is meaning that â€Å"individuals choose to give to and take from music, based on their life experiences and their musical orientations. † He further adds that there is to be no â€Å"one right way†, and calls for an adaptation of a synergistic blend in music teaching. Music must involve decision making through discernment and connections within a particular role (Reimer, 2003, p. 213). Eisner (1987) illuminates the need for a curriculum that â€Å"exploits the various forms of representation and that utilizes all of the senses to help students learn what a period of history feels like†(p. 7). Similarly, offering students a basis for understanding music in all contexts involves a thorough exploration of musical meaning within its definitive parameters, along with contemplation or reflection. Introducing students to the music and other art forms of various cultures is a wonderful way to broaden their understanding of the meaning of music. A student does not need to lose his own musical identity in order to study other music. On the contrary, in learning about other music, a student’s life is enriched. Reimer states, â€Å"In the spirit of adding to the self rather than substituting other selves for one’s self, the study of the music of foreign cultures enriches the souls of all who are engaged in it† (p. 191). Music and Meaning As advocates of music, music educators are often expected to express the meaning of music through words, yet words are incapable of truly describing the beauty and emotion felt through experience. â€Å"The concern is not to arrive at a definition and to close the book, but to arrive at an experience† (Ciardi, 1975, p. ). Ciardi states that there â€Å"still lingers belief that a dictionary definition is a satisfactory description of an idea or of an experience† (p. 1). Words may attempt to describe music, yet true meaning must be derived from the actual music experience Reimer (2003) discusses the difference between meanings drawn from words or language and the meanings found through music. He writes, â€Å"Language is created and shared through the processes of conceptualization and communication. Music is created and shared through the process of artistic/aesthetic perceptual structuring, yielding meanings language cannot represent† (p. 133). â€Å"The real power of music lies in the fact that it can be â€Å"true† to the life of feeling in a way that language cannot† (Langer, 1942, p. 197). Phenix (1986) highlights the need to look for aesthetic meaning in music concluding that there has to be a delicate balance between descriptive proposition that serves the purpose of laying out a historical background and allowing for freedom to gain perceptual features. Though music may evoke emotions in my students as they compose or serve as an outlet for their feelings when they perform, the ultimate significance of music lies in its ability to symbolize/portray deeply felt emotions. In the pages of his article, How Does a Poem Mean, John Ciardi (1975) shares with the reader his view that language is not capable of completely conveying the meaning that is discovered through experience. Living through the poetry is more powerful than attempting to interpret it. I believe that language does, however, serve a purpose of enhancing and is required when teaching for musical meaning. Words such as diction, metaphor, rhythm, and counter rhythm describe elements that lead to the understanding of form. Once a student can identify changes in the form through performance, â€Å"he will have identified the poem in action† (p. 95). He will no longer ask what the poem means but will see â€Å"how it means† (p. 95). Ciardi suggests questions such as, â€Å"Why does it build itself into a form out of images, ideas, rhythms? How do these elements become the meaning? † and â€Å"How are they inseparable from the meaning? † (p. 100). These questions are helpful in leading a student to the ultimate meaningful experience. Likewise, music students may use their knowledge of musical elements, such as rhythm and dynamics, to see â€Å"how† a piece of music means. Reimer (2003) says language has the essential function of disclosing and explaining the music. Music elements are inseparable from the performance of the music as they help to explain the musical experience. On their own, however, words and definitions remain dull and lifeless. I believe students should be immersed in the experience, while in a chorus, performing their instruments and listening to those around them. Meaning can be discovered through active participation in music and through the emotion and beauty the music portrays, for â€Å"Music means whatever a person experiences when involved with music† (Reimer, 2003, p. 133). Ciardi’s (1975) statement: â€Å"It is the experience, not the final examination, that counts† (p. 3) is particularly striking. The Indian society places high emphasis on examinations in music as with other subjects, very often overlooking the need for students to value their experience through the process of learning. I sometimes feel pressured by the community to meet high concert performance expectations and good examination results. Although I recognize that performance and the International music exams is a wonderful opportunity in which students can share their music with the community, or understand their level of competency, the true reflection of meaning in the music should be experienced in day-to-day music making within my classroom. I do my best not to focus on the examination repertoire alone but to include other music as well giving them a chance to draw out meanings and experience the music. Ciardi (1975) describes a poem as a â€Å"dynamic and living thing† (p. 10). He continues stating, â€Å"One experiences it as one experiences life. One is never done with it: every time he looks he sees something new, and it changes even as he watches† (p. 10). Similarly, music is capable of revealing something new each time it is experienced. The meanings my students derive from an initial listening of a piece of music may be vastly different than the meanings understood months or years later. The meaning of music constantly changes with personal life experiences and new perspectives. Reimer claims, â€Å"Music education exists to nurture people’s potential to gain deeper, broader, more significant musical meanings† (p. 133). I believe my students should derive their own meanings from the musical experience and without my influence. By explaining meanings to them, I face the fear of casting into oblivion the celebration of their own unique experience with the music, much the same way a language teacher might, in more ways than one, take away from the experience of a students â€Å"feelingful† experience of poetry as she explains the meaning in the verses of the poem. Instead of teaching â€Å"what† music means, I will instruct students on â€Å"how† music means, enabling them to derive meaning from experiences that occur beyond the classroom, and within their own roles. Feeling through Music â€Å"Music does for feeling what language does for thought† (Bowman, 1998, p. 200). As a musician, I understand the power of music to evoke feelings. Listening to or performing a great work of music in a concert hall may bring tears or chills to the musician in a way that only music is capable. Similarly, students’ emotional lives may be heightened by experiences in the classroom. According to Reimer (2003), the â€Å"emotional dimension of music-its power to make us feel, and to â€Å"know† through feeling-is probably its most important defining characteristic† (p. 72). In Western history, emotion has often been regarded less valuable than intellect (Reimer, 2003). Some people do not consider the arts to be as important as other core subjects such as math and reading in education due to the belief that arts are based on emotions and not reasoning or intellect. Recently, however, scientific scholars have begun to recognize that human intelligence, or cognition, is exhibited in a variety of forms, directly related to functions of the body, and tied to feeling. Dimensions of the mind, once thought to be separate and unrelated, are now known to work together, contributing to the things we know and experience. Anthony Damasio, a research neurologist, believes â€Å"feeling is likely to be the key factor in human consciousness itself and an essential ingredient in human cognition† (Reimer, 2003, p. 76). The capacity to feel â€Å"pervades and directs all we undergo as living, aware creatures† (p. 8). â€Å"Direct experiences of feeling are embodied in music and made available to the bodied experience of those engaged with it† (p. 80). The use of descriptive and symbolic language in the classroom, in the teaching of a varied repertoire of expressive music, aids in drawing out these responses of feeling from students. Including music that is heavy and loud or delicate and light will bring out an array of feelings. I believe students should be given an opportunity to articulate these feelings through journaling and in-class discussion.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Essay

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was created by the Banking Act of 1933 in response to the banking crisis that faced the nation after the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. Although the FDIC has grown and changed since then, its purpose is still the same – to guarantee the safety of bank deposits up to a certain amount. Until recently, that amount was $100,000 but Congress, in response to the current economic crisis has temporarily increased FDIC deposit insurance from $100,000 to $250,000 per depositor through December 31, 2009. (Who, n.d.) All of the banks that are members of the FDIC must adhere to certain liquidity and reserve requirements in order for the banks and their depositors to benefit from the insurance. (Overview, n.d.) If a bank becomes undercapitalized the FDIC issues a warning. If the undercapitalization worsens it can take other corrective measures which may ultimately result in the FDIC taking over management. All of this is meant to sustain the confidence of depositors so that there are no runs on the banks as so often happened in past history. The History of the FDIC To understand the importance of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in today’s economic market one must look to the history that led up to its establishment as part of the Banking Act of 1933. After the crash of the stock market in 1929 the United States fell into the longest economic depression in its history – from 1929 to 1939. Since loans that were made to stock market speculators were not being repaid after the crash, many banks failed and bank panics were commonplace. This led to their depositors’ losing money, which only served to fuel the depression further. The bank failures of the early 1930s were not the first in the history of the United States, but they were the most severe to date. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt saw the need to stem the tide of failures by enacting the Banking Act of 1933. Part of this act established the FDIC, gave it authority to regulate and insure banks, and the act also provided its funding. The purpose of the FDIC was to build the confidence of the American people in their banks and to assure them that their funds would be safe, at least up to a certain amount. (FDIC Timeline, n.d., 1930) This is still the general purpose of the FDIC, although much has changed since its birth in 1933. According to the FDIC website â€Å"since the start of FDIC insurance on January 1, 1934, no depositor has lost a single cent of insured funds as a result of a failure.† (Who, n.d.) When the FDIC was established in 1933 it was a temporary agency. But just two years later the Banking Act of 1935 made it a permanent agency. (FDIC Timeline, n.d., 1930) This was the first of many changes and adjustments to the FDIC over the years. The Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1950 raised the insured amount to $10,000 and that amount has increased steadily until now, it is $250,000. The 1950 legislation also gave the FDIC â€Å"the authority to lend to any insured bank in danger of closing if the operation of the bank is essential to the local community, and authorized the FDIC to examine national and state member banks for their insurance risk.†Ã‚   (Important, n.d.) In 1989, in response to the savings and loan crisis gripping the nation, the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) added two more functions to the FDIC, eliminating the Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC). The FDIC was given the authority to oversee and administer two other insurance funds that replaced the FSLIC – the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF) and the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF). (FDIC, n.d.) Still more powers were given to the FDIC by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA) of 1991. This act addressed issues that the FIRREA did not, giving the FDIC more authority as well as more obligations. The FDIC continued to grow both in funding and authority until it reached the status that it holds in our economy today. The Structure of the FDIC The FDIC of today is run by a five-member board of directors headed up by Chairman of the Board, Sheila C. Bair who has been in that post since she was sworn in on June 26, 2006. She will serve a five year term and at the expiration of that term, she will remain on the Board of Directors until 2013. Each Chairman of the Board is appointed by the President to serve a five-year term and each appointment is subject to the approval of the US Senate. (Barrymore, n.d.) Since the chairman is appointed by the President, she can also be removed by the President. The other members of the Board are the Vice Chairman Martin J. Gruenberg, Director Thomas J. Curry, Comptroller of the Currency John C. Dugan, and Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision John M. Reich. (Board, n.d.) The Board meets about once a month in either open or closed meetings. The public may attend open meetings as a result of the Government in the Sunshine Act. (FDIC Board Meetings, n.d.) In 2008 there were ten open meetings held. The FDIC has seven divisions. The Division of Finance directs the accounting and auditing aspects; the Division of Information Technology oversees and maintains the computer network of the organization; the Division of Administration provides administrative support; the Division of Supervision and Consumer Protection conducts reviews to assure that each bank is sound and that its internal controls are adequate; the Division of Resolutions and Receiverships goes into action when a bank is in danger of failing; the Legal Division handles the corporations litigation; and the Division of Insurance and Research keeps an eye on the economic health of the nation, examining business activity, markets, etc. (FDIC Divisions, n.d.) To run these seven divisions the FDIC employs about 5,000 people in its Washington, D.C. headquarters as well as in six regional offices and in field offices around the country. (Who, n.d.)

A Study On Barbie Global Market Marketing Essay

A Study On Barbie Global Market Marketing Essay International marketing is the performance of a company’s product and services to consumers in more than one nation to produce profit. It is one of the most vital elements of marketing functions to trade their company’s products or services internationally rather than locally. This brings more advantages and benefits the organization itself as well as the country. However, trying to trade internationally influences by many factors and cause difficulties. And it is the task of these companies to study these factors prior in order to initiate business or trade with other countries effectively. These factors include the culture, economic and political factors. This essay’s discussion base on the case study, â€Å"Barbie: The American Girl Goes Global.† â€Å"Barbie is worldwide brand name invented by Ruth Handler defining as a small scale anatomically improbable modelled plastic figure of a human being especially a child’s plaything and collectable dolls.† It is the brand name for Mattel Inc., the organization for producing these toys and dolls. Barbie effectively starts its operation and selling out of its products at the American Toy Fair in New York City in 1959. Since then, Barbie become popular and operate effectively due to its increasing sales and revenues thus earning high profit compare to other American toy markets. Therefore, Mattel Inc expands its marketing situation and trade internationally where Barbie is currently selling out in more than 150 countries. These include European countries, Middle East, India and Japan. Therefore, this writing will discuss how Mattel Inc. deals with different culture issues, economic environment and political factors in these different countries in trying to market its products, the American Barbie doll. Throughout the given case study, it was basically talk about how different culture affects Mattel in trying to sell Barbie in the above mentioned countries. â€Å"Culture i s the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour† (Keegan & Green 2003). Each country has its own culture values and different from one another. And because Barbie trade worldwide, Mattel tend to carefully study the culture environment in those countries and analyze culture issues arise. The cultural issues of these countries affected the selling of Barbie can be reflected from different things. These include the language use, the religion involves, the social behaviour and the traditional dress code of each country. However, some economic issues and political factors appear to influence its international trading. Barbie is a worldwide brand and they first entered the US market for selling their products because it was the place of founder. Since then, Ruth Handler realizes the importance of children then decides to produce Barbie to motivate her daughter’s dream of her future. These products were three dimensional adult fe male dolls using by children to play with and it was popular in America because they initiate with high amount of sales of total 351,000 dolls at $3 each for the first year on the market. This occurs because Mattel identify its target market such as the group of children up of 1 to 11 years old and they fully satisfy their needs for toys made of plastic and long lasting rather than the first available dolls were made of paper and cardboard.

Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Homelessness - Essay Example The sociological perspective applied to the research paper is social constructionism. This approach allows a researcher to examine and analyze development of homelessness in particular social contexts. This sociological perspective is chosen for analysis because the constructionist position emphasizes that the activities through which social problems like homelessness are constructed are both implicitly and intentionally. Social constructionism accounts for maintenance of social activities which lead to such problems as homelessness. Sociologists use the assumptions as a warrant for defining problems as real and observable social conditions, portraying their studies as objective analyses, and describing themselves as experts on social problems. The notion of homeless is difficult to define because it involves diverse social groups and diverse populations. Researchers propose different definitions which take into account different age groups and different social causes of homelessness, location and neighborhoods environment. For instance, Chamberlain and Johnson (2001) state that: "the literal definition equates homelessness with rooflessness', implying that homeless people are literally under the stars', or illegally occupying deserted premises" (p. 35). Traditional definitions of homelessness (Arden et al 2006) involve such groups as children, women, veterans, racial minorities, young mothers and drug users. Homeless are considered children who have been separated from their homeless parents and are in foster care or are living with relatives; a young mother and her children who have lived for two or three months at a time with different relatives during the past year or so, and who expect that, within the next few months , they will have to leave where they now live; a family or single person who migrated to a new town looking for work, lives with relatives, does not pay rent, cannot find work, and does not know how long the present arrangement will last or where to go if it terminates. A person can be defined as homeless if: there s no accommodation available for him/her, together with any other person who normally resides with him/her or who might reasonably expect to reside with him/her, which he/she can reasonably occupy or remain in occupation of" (Homeless n.d.). Homeless are considered people living in stable but physically inadequate housing (having no plumbing, no heating, or major structural damage, for example). The remainder is considered "at imminent risk" of literal homelessness, that is, if their current precarious housing arrangements fail, or if an institutional stay comes to a predictable end, they have neither prospects nor resources to keep themselves from literal homelessness (Luba and Davies 2006). A more expansive definition of homelessness includes the institutionalized who have no usual home elsewhere, the most unstable group among the precariously housed, or both. In terms of social constructionism, homelessness is caused by social conditions and circumstances which influence a person. Pervasive and rising homelessness is caused by social factors; that is, that it is a function of the way society's resources are organized and distributed. Luba and Davies (2006) emphasize a dramatically

The illegal use of drugs is an important issue in our society Essay

The illegal use of drugs is an important issue in our society - Essay Example There had been major dependable downward decline over the last three years from 11.5% in 1997 to 10% in 1998 and 9% in 1999 in drug related crime. As per the above survey , there is variation in drug usage pattern among various states starting from as low as 4.8% to as high as 10.8% on the whole population and it varied from 8% to 18.4 % for adolescents in the age group among 12 to 17. The use of marijuana among the youths also showed a declining trend from 12 to 17 age group since 1997. It was 8.4% in 1997, 8.4% in 1998 and 7% in 1999. The cigarette consumption by the adolescent showed a notable decline from 20% in 1997 to 15.9% in 1999. In the exclusive research study carried over by U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) revealed that the number of admission in the emergency room for drug related diseases had declined considerably and it was 11 % in the year 1999 for the adolescent aged among 12 to 17. National trend data collection research which was organized by the National Household Survey revealed that the present usage pattern of drugs was remained stable among the adolescent in the age group among 12 to 17 and the consumption pattern of smokeless tobacco declined notably from 3.2 % in 1998 to 2.1 % in 1999. According to the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, as per their recent research study, it was evident that American youth are of the view that drugs are hazardous and hence there was considerable decline in the usage of drugs in the USA in recent years. According to Drug Enforcement Administration, Barbiturates was most dangerous drug and it was considered as the most serious drug by the US law enforcement agencies. ( Henn & DeEugenio , 2007 , p5). Barbiturates fall under depressant class of substance. The depressants are a greater variety of substances that include most significantly ethyl alcohol. When consumed in heavy doses, it generates signs of vitiated coordination and

Does copyright needs to be changed in Digital era Essay

Does copyright needs to be changed in Digital era - Essay Example This paper explores the controversy by presenting both points of view, examining the historical origins of intellectual property protection and modern development in the field. U.S. and British laws and alternative (non-legislative) methods of intellectual property protection are analysed. Possible future developments in this field are discussed from the positions of the current situation. Throughout the history of mankind information has been playing increasingly important role in various fields of human life and activity. The uses of information and different methods of its collection and storage have long historical traditions. Institutional structures created specifically for that purpose - libraries and museums - are as old as modern civilization itself. Each of the past inventions associated with transmission and storage of information could be addressed as the major factor that affected the course of social development: invention of writing, the printing press, telephone, radio, and television have stimulated profound changes. Similarly, development of new information technologies - computers and the Internet - deeply affects contemporary society in many ways. However, the same technologies have led to dramatic changes that turned protection of informational assets into a highly controversial issue. Traditionally, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) represent an excep... Abundant literature covering various aspects of IPR management and protection is very indicative of this complexity. Recent technological developments have contributed to the challenges associated with protection of intellectual property. The new technologies have substantial implications for literally each aspect of traditional IPR practices. It has become very difficult to keep any information protected these days. Copying materials from another medium, encapsulating content and software for emulation, or migrating content to new hardware and software, all involve activities that can potentially infringe IPR. Digital images and electronic texts can be easily altered, and people may easily transform or incorporate them as a part of some other documents, images, etc. The challenges imposed by the developing technology are likely to increase rapidly in future. IPR holders are perfectly aware about the risks imposed by this trend, and try to protect their rights. Such inclination is absolutely natural granted the fact that similar situations have already occurred in the past when emergence of new circumstances resulted in amendments in the relevant intellectual property laws. For example, in 1992 the US Congress accepted the Audio Home Recording Act that allowed people making copies of copyrighted songs or music for personal use. In 1998 amendments to the Act were made to cover digital technologies of copying, reproduction and distribution (Chebium, 2000). Similarly, the recently emerged Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies are meant to increase the quality and scope of control that IPR holders can assert over their intellectual property

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance Management - Essay Example Performance management is a process that came into the scene during the period of 1980s and continues to impact the business environment (Armstrong, 1998, p.47). This research paper will focus on the topic of performance management while focusing specifically on the subjects of its definitions, purpose, benefits as well as methods used to conduct this process. Definition of Performance Management Researchers have provided the world of business with several definitions of performance management. For example: Samsonowa defines performance management as a process that is conducted on continuous basis in order to attain the objective of improving individual’s performance of tasks while involving activities including setting of goals, providing feedback along with reinforcing behavior as well as training of employees (Samsonowa, 2011,p.33). According to this definition the process of performance management is conducted with the sole aim of enhancing individual task performances by providing certain aims and targets to employees for achievement and ensuring that these targets are met by providing training and development to employees and if employees fail to attain those targets, they are provided with further training and development in order to decrease their performance gaps. The definition even pays emphasis to involvement of feedback, rewards as well as punishments in order to reinforce behavior. This means that with the assistance of performance management, employers first identify how well employees have performed and if they perform according to set targets and standards, they are provided with rewards to ensure that similar behavior occurs again in future and if they fail to attain targets they are punished in order to ensure that certain behaviors are not repeated. Purpose of Performance Management The process of performance management and creation of performance management systems is done on the basis of either one or of the two purposes or for both the purposes including administrative/decision making purposes and developmental purposes (Smither, 2009). When performance management is conducted for the purpose of decision making/administrative purposes the aim of the organization is to use the process to document the performance of individual employees and to make decision regarding the rewards and punishments to be offered to employees. The rewards and punishments that might be offered to employees on the basis of the process of performance management may include promotion or downgrade of an employee from one position to another increasing or decreasing compensation and benefits of the employees in order to either reinforce their performance or encourage them to perform better in future. On the other hand when the purpose of conducting performance management is developmental in nature, current performance of individuals is compared to either historical performance or set targets and if a difference between current and budgete d performance is figured out, employees are provided training and development in order to close the gap in performance levels. Both purposes have their own strengths and the purposes cannot be rated in order to figure out which purpose is more effective and efficient. Advantage of the Process of Performance Management One of the main benefits of performance m

Computer Games as an Emerging Form of Art Essay

Computer Games as an Emerging Form of Art - Essay Example Over the past 25 years, the journey begins from two-paddles and a ball pong game to the complexity of final fantasy, and the sophistication and realism of counter strike versions. The requirement of vivid graphics, better sound, greater memory, and rapid processing has increased the consumer demand of home pc accessories and equipments. The release of new and 3D games every other day has signaled that the game designers are still having enough resources to emerge their creations as a popular art. Computer games are no more taken as a waste of time and energy. It is an emerging form of art, which still requires to be recognized, but still an art. Likewise, the computer games are discussed by the college and university students, as it is used to be for the cinema. These days, a growing number of students are having the ambition to become a game designer, rather than a filmmaker. This shows the increasing recognition of computer games these days as a profession and art. In this 21st century, our aesthetic sensibility is being shaped by this important new popular art and these games are seriously taken in today's world. The proof of its recognition is the admission of web artists and game designers, which were invited in the prestigious biannual show at New York's Whitney Museum regarding the digital art in the modern world. However, this point has not gone through the eyes of critics and one can imagine their responses to the idea that art can be something humorous, unpretentious, and playful as computer games. Therefore, they say that computer is only a tool, and maybe a new form of cultural pollution, where our kids are taught the different ways to kill their counterparts, etc. In contrary, a new lively art is represented by the computer games. It is not computer, but the art is shaped by the human creativity. A realm of experimentation without a physical risk and innovation is experienced and transformed from the computer screen aesthetically, which is accessible to everybody and anytime. That is one of the significant reasons that these games have been embraced by most of the public. However, the same path of cinema may not be taken by these games. Own artistic principles will be developed by the game designers, in order to fulfill the public's desires for interactivity and storytelling. Somehow, games provide a platform to the people, where they can have the freedom to express their emotions fairly, and can experience emotionally. Nevertheless, games do matter. Because, our children's imaginations are spark by them, by taking them to different difficult quests and making them feel the various emotions of strange worlds and stages. Games do matter, because the real world play spaces is more accessible to our kids, which used to make parents nervous and worried about their children. Nowadays, cognitive and emotional development of children and students is encouraged and supported by these computer games. The students are given the opportunities and chances to prove themselves as the best and allow them to solve the problems by their own, or with the help of their teammates. Leadership, teamwork, competition, and collaboration opportunities are formed with the help of multi-player games. The virtual

Sisters in Law directed by Kim Longinotto and Florence Ayisi Movie Review

Sisters in Law directed by Kim Longinotto and Florence Ayisi - Movie Review Example The movie also uses characters to demonstrate social molestations that females undergo in the society. These include a girl child that has run away from physical molestation, a woman seeking a divorce from an abusive marriage and a teenage girl accusing a neighbor of rape. The two women championing for social justice within the community, also act as the sisters in law. One of them is a judge while the other is the uttermost Lady in the detective agency. They work together to inform, educate and advocate for the social good of the oppressed females. In the film, the end comes with justice served and the audience cheers and applauds happily. The main characters in the film include Vera Ngassa, the state prosecutor; Beatrice Ntuba, the court’s president; the physically abused six-year-old Manka; Amina, a married woman seeking divorce; and Sonita, a girl raped by her neighbor. In the contemporary world, social oppression is a major vice that limits freedom of expression and choice. The African culture still exhibits aspects of discrimination and a sense of subordination placed on female gender. The movie explores a real-life scenario of how action should be taken by the concerned authority to help in mitigating the extent of the vice. Its setting justifies the fact that women can rise beyond the societal odds to liberate their fellow female genders from the hands of the oppressive masculine. Particularly, the character of a child fleeing oppression from a senior relative attracts audience’s attention. It portrays a sense of helplessness and under-age abuse that goes to the extreme ends. From the character’s case, we notice that close family members and relatives are the immediate sources of societal child abuses in an African society.

What sources of information do learner use to get a skill outside of Essay

What sources of information do learner use to get a skill outside of the formal education system - Essay Example These sources of information often avail information to the learner although, at times the learner may be unconscious of it. These sources of information include personal learning experience, families, friends, information and communication technology, digital media, internet, community members among other sources. Acquiring a skill for doing a particular job from people experienced in that line is probably the best way of learning. For instance, interacting with people experienced in rock climbing can help one acquire the technique in the most effective way. Safety techniques for using build anchors use belay devices, use karabiners and quick draws for the beginners of rock climbing can best be learnt together with the experienced climbers who are experts. Also several exercises outside classroom can help one develop a particular skill. Thus several years of gymnastics improves one’s ability to practice yoga. Students may try new things and upon failure to achieve their set objectives, they get assistance from family members (Knight 14). Through family members, a student may acquire a unique skill through copying what the other members of the family do for instance, marrying a vegetarian partner or having a vegetarian parent can make one become vegetarian. Friends from work places or r esidential places can also help one acquire a particular skill. Therefore, doing and attempting to do, forms the basis of a student’s natural acquisition of skills (Volpe 149). Primarily, parents are regarded as the primary educators to their children. For instance, living with a deaf parent can help one acquire the skills of using sign languages (Juul 108). Through a strengthened relationship between the learner and the parents, a learner acquire relevant information that help him impact relevant skill outside classrooms. Parents avail this relevant information to the learners through story telling in the form of narratives, spiritual teachings

How Assumptions Influence Our Behavior Essay Example for Free

How Assumptions Influence Our Behavior Essay Assumption analysis describes the activity adults engage in to bring to awareness beliefs, values, cultural practices, and social structures regulating behavior and to assess their impact on daily activities. Assumptions may be paradigmatic, prescriptive, or causal (Brookfield 1995). Assumptions structure our way of seeing reality, govern our behavior, and describe how relationships should be ordered. Assumption analysis as a first step in the critical reflection process makes explicit our taken-for-granted notions of reality. Contextual awareness is achieved when adult learners come to realize that their assumptions are socially and personally created in a specific historical and cultural context. Imaginative speculation provides an opportunity for adults to challenge prevailing ways of knowing and acting by imagining alternative ways of thinking about phenomena (Cranton 1996). The outcome of assumption analysis, contextual awareness, and imaginative speculation is reflective skepticism-the questioning of any universal truth claims or unexamined patterns of interaction. Former president Ronald Reagan simply assumed that everyone he encountered would like him; this belief was part of the fabric of his personality. The results were intriguing, in that even his enemies were attracted to him socially. His arch-nemesis in Congress, Democratic leader Thomas Tip ONeil, commented that while he hated Reagans policies, on the personal level, I find it impossible to dislike the guy. At the other extreme, premature cognitive commitments too often work against us. A childhood friend, whom I considered brilliant when we were kids, in his mid-forties confessed to me that he had lived beneath his potential for much of his life. In sixth grade, he explained, his teacher belittled his work in such a way that it left him convinced he was incapable of academic learning. That conviction, which he carried throughout his teenage years and into adulthood, caused him to avoid challenging courses in junior high and high school, to stay away from college, and to settle for a job that didnt tap his capabilities well. Only now was he beginning to revisit that assumption, and to realize just how greatly it had restricted his choices (Smith 2004). Becoming fully aware of our default assumptions can take work, reflection and determination, and the help of a counselor or trusted friend can be invaluable in the process. Yet the task is typically not Herculean either. If our negative expectations spring from a traumatic past experience, to be sure, the task of uncovering repressed memories may be painful, and may require special help. This is the extreme case, though. References Brookfield, S. (1995) Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass, Cranton, P, (1996) Professional Development as Transformative Learning: New Perspectives for Teachers of Adults. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Smith, Blaine M (2004) Reshaping Assumptions That Shape Our Life: Damascus, MD

Kateri Tekakwitha Essay Example for Free

Kateri Tekakwitha Essay Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha, patroness saint of ecology, nature, and the environment. Kateri was born in 1656, in Ossernonan. At birth Kateri Tekakwitha was given the name Catherine, or Kateri in Iroquois languages. Kateri Tekakwitha became an orphan at age 4 when her village got attacked by smallpox and her family died, including her parents and her baby brother. After being weakened, scarred and partially blind, she survived. Her 2 aunts and uncle, the Kanienkehaka chief then adopted her. Because Kateri was not baptized as an infant and at age eighteen Father de Lambertville, a Jesuit missionary, baptized her. Her family did not accept her choice to embrace Jesus Christ. Her family refused to feed her on Sundays when she did not work and do chores. Since her life’s rougher times she devoted her life to God. Kateri fled her life in the village and ran 200 mi through woods, swamps, and rivers to the Catholic mission of St. Francis Xavier at Sault Saint-Louis, near Montreal. At the mission she taught the young and help those in the village that were poor, sick, or injured. Her motto became, â€Å"Who can tell me what is most pleasing to God that I may do it? She then made her own chapel in the woods by craving a cross into a tree and spent time to say a prayer there, kneeling the snow. When poor health, which plagued her throughout her life, led to her death in 1680 at the age of 24. Her last words were, â€Å"Jesus, I love you†. On December 19, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI signed the decree necessary for canonization of Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha. She will be canonized on October 21, 2012. I learn in this essay that most people are luckier then they think and should not be selfish about it. The very worst times in your life could be even worse in someone else’s life. The rougher times in life are there to make you stronger, not to punish you.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Introducing Business Models

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Introducing Business Models A: Public Private Partnership is known worldwide as an important source of spurring clannish assets in stock building and improving public service delivery. As we move on with this business, it gets important to investigate objectives for PPP in visit to understand the risks and responsibilities the government would hit to adopt in visit to make PPPs growth. As we explore PPP we see two types of common reasons which are used to explain why a government pursues PPPs. The prototypal ordered of reasons are what we would adjudge as beneficial, reasons that are consistent with the outcome that PPPs actually achieve. The second ordered of reasons are what we adjudge Deceptive reasons-that is, reasons that are not really consistent with the outcomes that that PPPs can deliver. BENEFICIAL REASONS FOROF PURSUING PPP Risk transfer: Government getting rid of asset-based risks that is, risk directly associated with building or operating assets Whole-of-life costing: Through whole of life costing the government can achieve optimization between capital costs and operating and maintenance costs, a realistic projection of amount outlay of ownership, and a artefact of comparing competing designs on a like-with-like basis Innovation: Providing wider incentives for original solutions to assist delivery Asset utilization: Developing opportunities to generate income from utilization of the asset by third parties, which may reduce the outlay that the polity would otherwise have to pay as a sole user with the outcomes that that PPPs can deliver. DECEPTIVE RESONS FOR PURSUING PPP The main deceptive reason why some governments pursue PPPs is to access finance that would otherwise not be available. Accessing finance would not be doable ultimate by introducing a PPP. If an infrastructure source is not assured that, between user fees and government subsidies, it module be able to recover its costs, the government would unable to raise the top needed fund to build the project. The government module will not able to attract clannish finance simply by deciding to do PPP, cost recovery would need to be resolute before capital can be raised A government is an organization that has the power to make and enforce laws for a certain territory. There are several definitions on what exactly constitutes a government. In its broadest sense, govern means the power to administrate, whether over an area of land, a set group of people, or an association. A government is the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit. It is the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed. Far more important to me is, that I should be loyal to what I regard as the law of my political life, which is this: a belief that that country is best governed, which is least governed George Hoadly Most people who have live in the Pakistan think of state provision when they think of public services. Consequently, when they think of public services being removed from state provision they think of privatization probably with the involvement of multi-national capital. However, for those who lived in from the period of the Industrial Revolution until the Second World war, and for million of people across the world who have lived since the war and up to the present day, the provision of services is not exclusively a matter for the state; it is a matter for the public. For people not living within our narrow cultural constraints, delivery of services is provided through co-operatives and mutuals. The democratic nature of co-operative structures gives people direct power over service delivery. The state, whether central or local, acts as a guarantor of peoples rights to services. The state must always be prepared to act as an enabler but should only be a provider in the last resort. Given our knowledge of this better way, we must continue to engage, not from any sense of ideological superiority, but because we know that this better way is more economically efficient and will provide better service delivery which meets people needs better than current provision. Let the people think they govern and they will be governed. William Penn It is worth acknowledging that there is some co-operative provision in Pakistan, for example there are a number of housing co-ops. It is equally worth acknowledging that there is a wider third sector which contains various social enterprises, charities and housing associations. Some of these are in a grant funded arrangement with the state while others take a more trading approach to procurement. Co-operative solutions, particularly when they are worker-led, require the support of trade unions. It is important to get the message across that co-operation is not privatization. Since trade unions are there to protect their members, perhaps co-operation should be promoted as a structure which can help protect their members. There is a need to make co-operative working the preferred option for workers in the service sector. Local Government Local government has played a leading role in Pakistans communities for many years and continues to have a key role to play. Support for co-operative values is not new to local government. Regional councils in particular funded and supported co-operative development. Pakistans local authorities have an important role to play in supporting co-operative businesses working in partnership with co-operative and mutual enterprises. A wise government knows how to enforce with temper, or to conciliate with dignity, but a weak one is odious in the former, and contemptible in the latter. George Greenville Local Authorities need to be partners in developing mutual solutions with communities. Pakistans local authorities should work in partnership with co-operative enterprises to improve social services, develop anti-poverty strategies and to provide environmental justice for communities. Procurement polices designed to achieve social aims and maximize the benefits for local communities will always assist successful co-operative enterprises. We should challenge the fear culture and encourage best practice. Procurement legislation needs to be looked at and all local services should be considered for co-op options. Moving to a co-operative model of service delivery would require a complete review of departmental structures within the local authorities existing political framework. We need to put in place now the support mechanism to underpin co-operative service development. There is widespread acknowledgement that the way local authorities deliver public services is changing. Privatization is happening but co-operative solutions can put people in ownership and control and enhance democracy. We should be pro-active in looking for services which are due to be externalized and have a co-operative model ready to promote. Public services should be delivered according to need and any profit should be paid back into the community. We need to develop across local government, through education, a knowledge base of councillors and policy makers across all parties together with officers with expertise ready to champion the co-op model. Planning Planning is an issue that cuts across policy areas. We should see this as an opportunity to develop a co-operative approach to some of the greatest challenges in 21st century Pakistan. Planning, above all else, is about co-ordination of provision and co-operative models, particularly secondary co-operative models, provide an ideal solution in this context. There are clear opportunities to develop co-op models to meet the needs of society to co-ordinate its approach to service delivery. For example, an industrial and provident society model could be used to create separate legal entities which would be responsible for linking up the shared responsibilities of the Health Service and local government and be democratically accountable to the communities they serve. This means extending co-operation beyond co-operation with a small c to creating structures which are fully accountable. It is important that co-operators take an active involvement in local planning and use it to engage with community groups. As a Movement which is heavily involved in retail and property, we are well placed to provide socially responsible solutions to the problem of town centre development in Pakistan. The co-operative model would provide an ideal structure for town centre partnerships. Not just co-operation with a small c between those involved in supporting town centre development but actual business models which could be used to develop town centers in a way that communities would want. We should seek to establish a consensus that co-operation is the default position. When planning new developments it is important to include play areas, community shops and centers where appropriate. Co-ops should seek to take advantage of community benefit clauses. The community benefit aspect should be seen as a way to develop new co-op businesses. Too bad that all the people who know how to run the country are busy driving taxicabs and cutting hair George Burns Health As co-operators, we view healthcare much in the same way we see every issue that confronts people, their families and communities we believe that power should lie with the people. Communities have to take responsibility for health provision and we believe co-operative and mutual models of healthcare provide them with the best opportunity to do this. The highly emotive campaigns which have arisen from proposals to re-design the delivery of acute and specialist services underlines the importance placed on the NHS by communities and the sensitivity with which politicians need to deal with the issue of health. The co-operative model could be applied to hospitals. With the aging population, social care was highlighted is the type of service where the caring, sharing Co-op model should be an obvious option. We believe that co-operative models would produce greater integration and would suggest that the evidence of co-operative healthcare provision overseas supports this contention. A key challenge for the provision of health services is to connect them with people the users, employees, patients and the wider community. It is essential to engender a type of ownership that enables stakeholders to feel that these services are run on their behalf and not for someone elses vested interests. We must address the issue of elections to Health Boards which would create an element of community involvement and accountability in health delivery. Consideration should be given to the increasingly challenging subject of care provision in Pakistan. This is an area which requires partnership between the NHS and local government. It is also an area which may have significant potential for co-operative development and is an area being prioritised by Co-operative Development Pakistan. We require action on pharmacy delivery and occupational health looking at co-operative rather than private solutions. One method of overcoming the difficult informational requirements of the allocation models described above is by enacting a requirement that anyone wanting to purchase cigarettes must first purchase a cigarette card. The card, which could be based on the same magnetic strip (or computer chip) technology used for credit cards and ATM cards, would be issued to any legal-aged smoker who wanted to buy cigarettes and would have to be presented by the smoker each time she purchased cigarettes. A reaction of many readers may well be that our proposal gives too much information to government agencies, therefore creating a Big Brother problem. We sympathize with that concern, but we believe the problem is not as significant as it may appear initially. First, it is not clear that the sort of information that the cigarette card system would generate is any different from the sort of information that the American public routinely provides to government and private agencies. In other words, it ma y be too late to worry about the sort of privacy concern that this proposal raises. Jon D. Hanson and Kyle D. Logue quotes Education Public services are more concerned about the delivery of education as a service rather than curricular issues. However, it is worth saying that the issues of educational structures and curriculum are connected. The Co-operative Movement has an excellent record in education. When, in the past, co-operatives have delivered education, delivery and content have supported each other. We hope that development regarding co-operative schools will lead to a return to this link. The work being done at present in Pakistan is to be highly commended and we hope this will achieve its objective of bringing co-operative ideas to every school in Pakistan. However, there is a long way to go. Co-operation offers solutions to many of the challenges of public service provision but co-operative solutions have been ignored because civil servants and politicians have no background knowledge in co-operation. Schooling system, almost without exception, completely ignores co-ops business models. Most teachers are still unaware of co-ops and therefore the ignorance perpetuates itself. We recognize that education sits quite firmly within local government and that most people in Pakistan would wish it to remain so. However, we would argue that in the longer term it is not just the curriculum which should become co-operative but also the structures. We need to continue to discuss how we can further develop co-operative education in schools and to develop the ownership of the curriculum so that it is owned and managed by the communities it serves. We should collate and build on best practice already in schools, such as the the work of unions, bringing new savings models into schools. It is essential to promote the co-operative model at school level and equally important to engage with the curricular drivers in Pakistan such as Learning and Teaching Pakistan. For centuries it was never discovered that education was a function of the State, and the State never attempted to educate. But when modern absolutism arose, it laid claim to everything on behalf of the sovereign power.When the revolutionary theory of government began to prevail, and Church and State found that they were educating for opposite ends and in a contradictory spirit, it became necessary to remove children entirely from the influence of religion. Lord Acton Its time to admit that public education operates like a planned economy, a bureaucratic system in which everybodys role is spelled out in advance and there are few incentives for incentives for innovation and productivity. Its no surprise that our school system doesnt improve: It more resembles the communist economy than our own market economy. Albert Shanker PPP approaches should not be seen as a magic bullet and may be best suited to specific circumstances. As in all cases of public procurement, corruption remains a risk that must be carefully managed. As PPP projects are relatively new, lack of familiarity with the procedures may open up new corruption risks. On the other hand, greater emphasis on the delivery and measurement of outcomes in PPP procurement may introduce greater levels of transparency and accountability. The main advantages and disadvantages of PPP are summarized below: ADVANTAGES Makes use of private sector skills, modern technology, and efficiency Forces the public sector to focus on outputs and benefits (rather than inputs) from the start Brings in private capital and makes projects affordable Risks are shared by the different parties Budgetary certainty The public sector only pays when services are delivered Capital at risk is an effective incentive to make private companies perform. DISADVANTAGES PPP implies a loss of management control by the public sector and therefore may be politically unacceptable Ability, skills, and sufficient capacity of the public sector to adopt the PPP approach and create a good incentive and regulatory environment Lack of private sector expertise Does not achieve absolute risk transfer Procurement can be lengthy and costly Long-term relatively inflexible structures PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVRY PROCESS

Irving Textual Analysis of The Legend Of Sllepy Hollow Essays

Textual Analysis of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" 1.) Romantic Description: a. pg. 715 - "there is a little valley, or rather lap of land, among high hills, which is one of the quietest places in the whole world.   A small brook glides through it, with just a murmur enough to lull one to repose; and the occasional whistle of a quail, or tapping of a woodpecker, is almost the only sound that ever breaks in upon the uniform tranquility." Irving describes nature as an untouchable force.   He ignores the realism of nature and reveals only the beauty it holds.   It is the stereotypical description of Mother Nature.   Irving makes it sound so tranquil as if this place doesn’t exist in this world. c. pg 731 - "Its limbs were gnarled, and fantastic, large enough to form trunks of ordinary trees, twisting down almost to the earth, and rising again into the air. The tree is almost created into somewhat of a creature.   With the limbs twisting out and rising into the air.   Irving takes ordinary earthlike objects and changes the perspective of them into imaginary matter. 2.) Avoidance of Controversy/Digressions: a. pg 717 - "...some little, tough, wrong-headed, broad-skirted Dutch urchin, who sulked and swelled and grew dogged and sullen beneath the birch.   All this he called "doing his duty by their parents;" and he never inflicted a chastisement without following it by the assurance, so consolatory to the smarting urchin, which "he would remember it, and thank him for it the longest day he had to live."   When school hours were over..." Irving constantly made fun of the Dutch, and this is one of those examples.   He calls them wrong-headed and mocks their appearance by criticizing their  broad-skirted dress.   Then to avoid the controversy he changes the subject and goes straight into the next thing. b. pg 728 - "The musician was an old gray headed Negro, who had been the itinerant orchestra of the neighborhood for more than half a century.   His instrument was as old and battered as himself." Here, Irving tries to avoid the subject of slavery and human rights. He tries to stay neutral on the issue.   He described the black man as battered and old showing the inequality of the two races, in a sense avoiding the whole slavery situation during that time period.   3.) American Character Types: a. pg 722... ...cts women as a bit lazy because in the passage they jut sit around talking, eating, and having a good time and have no work to do. Therefore, implying that men do all the work and the women just lounge around. 8.) Use of American History: a. pg 719 - "He was, moreover, esteemed by the women as a man of great erudition, for he had read several books quite through, and was a perfect master of Cotton Mather's history of New England Witchcraft, in which, by the way, he most firmly and potently believed. Irving refers to an actual historical event by mentioning that Ichabod was a firm believer in Cotton Mathers writing about the Salem witch trials. Irving is pretty accurate because it is actually a real book and was commonly read.   He references to the literary works of the time and the thoughts that people had about the world during the time. b. pg 728 - "The British and American line had run near it during the war; it had, therfore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of border chivalry." Irving does use an historical American setting, America and the British were engaged in war at the time and had battles around that.  

The Causes of the Industrial Revolution Essay -- Industrial Revolution

The Causes of the Industrial Revolution The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some historians seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and institutional changes wrought by the end of feudalism in Great Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labor-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories. The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century. The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important catalyst of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them. Why Europe? One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not other parts of the world, particularly China. Numerous factors have been suggested, including ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a high level equilibrium trap in which the nonindustrial methods were efficient enough to prevent use of industrial methods with high costs of capital. Kenneth Pommeranz, in the Great Divergence, argues that Europe and China were remarkably similar in 1700, and that the crucial differences which created the Industrial Revolution in Europe were: sources of coal near manufacturing centres and raw materials such as food and wood from the New World, which allowed Europe to expand economically in a way that China could not. Indeed, a combination of all of these factors is possible. Why did it start in Great Britain? The debate around the concept of the initial startup of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the lead of 30 to 100 years that the British had over the continental European countries and America. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that the United Kingdom received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from... ...ailroads for more durable rail led to the development of the means to cheaply mass-produce steel. Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterize a "Second Industrial Revolution," beginning around 1870. This "second" Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include the chemical industries, petroleum refining and distribution, electrical industries, and, in the twentieth century, the automotive industries, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Great Britain to the United States and Germany. The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialization of coal-starved northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s. The increasing availability of economic petroleum products also reduced the relation of coal to the potential for industrialization. By the 1890s, industrialization in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with often nearly global international operations and interests, as companies like U.S. Steel, General Electric, and Bayer AG joined the railroads on the world's stock markets and among huge, bureaucratic organizations.

Use of Puck to Explore Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

Love is a timeless topic. It will forever be the theme of popular entertainment and source of confusion for men and women alike. No one understands this better than William Shakespeare, and he frequently explores this complex emotion in his plays. In "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" Shakespeare cleverly reveals the fickle and inebriating aspects of love through his mischievous character Puck. Though Puck adds much humor to the play while tormenting and drugging the lovers in the forest, he also acts as a catalyst in redirecting their devotions among one-another, thus demonstrating the fickle nature of love. For example, Lysander, who in one instant is blindly in love with his fair Hermia, will suddenly wake to find himself obsessed with Helena. Without questioning this drastic change, he boldly proclaims to Helena, â€Å"Content with Hermia? No, I do repent /The tedious minutes I with her have spent. /Not Hermia, but Helena I love. /Who will not change a raven for a dove?† (II.ii.118-21). Lysander’s drugged state (courtesy of Puck) was the source of his apparent change of heart, but even to this day this abrupt transformation happens more often than the average person would care to admit. Drugged or not, it is in the human nature to desire what isn’t ours, and admire the greener grass that our cute neighbor seems to have growing. The reader can also r elate to Demetrius’s statement, â€Å"Lysander, keep thy Hermia. I will none. /If e’er I loved her, all that love is gone† (III.ii.172-73)...

Animal Farm Comprehension Questions Essay

1. Writing as if you were speaking in Napoleon’s voice talking to the other animals, explain why Boxer is sent to the Knacker’s. Comrades of Animal Farm! We are gathered here today not to mourn Boxer but to understand him. You see, Boxer was a great worker, he had two great ways of looking at life. 1) â€Å"I will work harder!† and 2) â€Å"Napoleon is always right!† In these two ways, Boxer was right. But you see, Boxer was not who we thought he was. Boxer was a mischievous horse and he working for Snowball! You see, comrades, it turns out that Snowball was not on but he was actually sneaking around the very grounds of Animal Farm! His plan was to infiltrate Animal Farm by. Converting our best worker into a double-agent, a spy, and a sabotaging (insert adjective here)! And furthermore, it worked. Squealer was doing his routine act of informing when he came upon Snowball and Boxer discussing these no-longer confidential plans in this very barn! This, comrades is why I have called this meeting to order. I couldn’t have all of you grieving over something that is not worthy of :insert emotion here: So carry on, comrades and know that he died for a reason. forward, comrades! If you believe this is hard, then think about this, do you really want Jones back? Snowball and Boxer would have found a way to bring him back, and as your leader, I could not let that happen. I brought you all here today to tell you this, that I have rid us of a backstabber and doublee-crosser. Long live Animal Farm! 2. Animal Farm is an allegory. Find out what an allegory is, and in your own words explain what you think George Orwell is trying to explain about human behavior through this story about animals. Describe three characters with human personality traits that are universal and timeless, and speculate on what kind of people they represent. An allegory is a story, poem, or picture that symbolizes a â€Å"hidden meaning† or maybe an idea. In this case, I believe that George Orwell is intending to symbolize politics and more specifically, socialism. In socialism, distribution of the output was decided by individual contribution. For example, the pigs claimed they were contributing the most via brain power and thought and therefore needed more food than the other animals. One character that has universal and timeless personality traits is Napoleon the pig, and leader of Animal Farm. Napoleon is power hungry like a lot leaders and eventually, in my opinion, becomes corrupt. He might represent ::::insert leadership role here:::. Another character with timeless personality traits is Boxer and well, the rest of the horses. Boxer was an extremely hard worker and adopted the motto â€Å"I will work harder†. Boxer even started getting up a full hour earlier and stayed up later than the rest of the animals just so he could work on the windmill. For these reasons I believe that Boxer and the horses represent the working class. A third character with universal personality traits is Mollie. She is vain, conceited and wants the best for herself and is not concerned with the rest of the farm. She eventually abandons animal farm and decides to live on another farm so she may have more sugar cubes. This is the case with a lot of people. I believe Mollie represents the upper-class. 3. Research propaganda and its techniques. How does Napoleon use Squealer for his own propaganda? Explain at least three techniques of propaganda and describe how Squealer uses these on the animals. Why do they work? Napoleon uses Squealer for his own propaganda by â€Å"advertising† how great he is as a leader, how Animal Farm has significantly improved, and how Napoleon is in control. One method of propaganda is called glittering generalities. This method uses very â€Å"glittering† and positive language that make the listener feel great. The words suggest a very positive meaning but since the words are so general, they don’t actually guarantee anything. Squealer uses this when he brags about how marvelous Napoleon is as a leader and when he talks about how amazing their life will be before they overthrow Jones. Another method is called plain folks, which uses language to make the idea seem necessary, even for the most simple person. Squealer uses this method by telling the animals that they were to engage in trade with neighboring farms only, of course, to obtain materials that were essential to building the windmill. After all, the windmill was their first and foremost priority. A third method is to have an important person advertise the idea to make it seem like the important person believes in the idea strongly enough o advertise it. This will reinforce the listeners’ trust in the idea because if said important person was trustworthy, then why shouldn’t the listener like the idea? Squealer uses this when Boxer disagrees with him. When Boxer starts to protest Squealer immediately says â€Å"Napoleon said it.† Of course, Boxer’s motto is â€Å"Napoleon is always right.† so he went along with it. These methods of propaganda work because the animals are ignorant and they will believe what they want to believe, not necessarily what is true. They believed Napoleon was a good leader because they thought anybody was better than Jones. But the truth is, Napoleon ended up being just as bad and maybe even a worse leader than Jones. 4. How do the pigs use education and the lack of it to control the other animals? What larger point do you think Orwell is trying to make about knowledge and the power of education? The pigs use use the lack of education in Animal Farm to their own advantage. The majority of the animals are not very bright and will believe practically anything that they hear without thinking about it twice. Therefore the pigs, mainly Squealer and Napoleon, tell massive untruths to the animals of Animal Farm and nobody objects. You see, because the majority of the animals aren’t educated they don’t known what is true and what is not. The animals go along with what they are told because they don’t know any better. I believe the larger point that Orwell is trying to make is that education is more important than we think, we shouldn’t take it for granted. If the majority of the USA was uneducated, the government might start getting different ideas on how to run the country which is basically what happened on Animal Farm. Knowledge is extremely valuable and absolutely essential. Had the animals been smarter they might have realized what was going on right under their noses. Or asked for proof when Squealer claimed they found documents that proved Snowball was evil. The power of education was underestimated in Animal Farm, and Orwell is trying to show that it is also underestimated in politics. 5. Compare Animal Farm to a book you have read recently. How is the message about society or human nature the same? What do the authors express that is different? Many books from the reading list on the back would make an interesting comparison. A book I read over the summer was Mockingjay. The message about society or human nature is very similar in each book. In either book there is a rebellion that leads to different government. The government ends up being corrupt, controlling, and will do anything to maintain their image as powerful. For example in Mockingjay, each year they have the Hunger Games where 23 people are killed, and only one survives. This is to remind the people that the goverment is in control and it demonstrates their power very well. In Animal Farm, any animal that stands up to Napoleon or argues the slightest bit later ends up confessing to some sort of crime and being slaughtered. Coincidence? I don’t think so. The main idea of the book is rebellion or corrupt governmentMost of the people in either book don’t understand what is going on and that works to the governments advantage. The people are busy with other struggles, for example a dead daughter/son or a spoiled wheat crop. The books do have many differences, however. In Mockingjay the government is corrupt because the president wants to get revenge on the citizens for rebelling oh-so-many years ago. He does this by secretly torturing people in the capitol city, hosting the Hunger Games, and killing anybody who poses a threat to his power. In Animal Farm Napoleon just slowly corrupts and acquires to his own needs rather than the needs of his animals. Napoleon modifies the rules to justify his actions. Like when Napoleon sleeps in a bed, drinks alcohol, or even murders another animal he adjusts the rules from â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed†, â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol†, and ‘No animal shall kill any other animal† to â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets†, â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol to excess†, and â€Å"No animal shall kill any other animal without cause†. Animal Farm is considered a famous, class and significant book in 20th century literature. Research and reflect on its importance George Orwell was a political writer. He had very intense feelings and emotions, specifically hate, that were projected in his writing. This is demonstrated in Animal Farm What events in his life might have influenced this book? Orwell had experiences in the Spanish Civil War that affected the way he viewed government and its relationship with its people. His experiences with Soviet communism basically inspired this book, and therefore the book was based on Soviet communism. Publishers especially did not want to publish this book because it was about two Russian dictators, and they were portrayed as pigs. What was the world like when he wrote Animal Farm? World War II had just ended and much of Western Europe was happy with communist Russia with its efforts to beat Germany. Most people were pro-Soviet in 1943 What happened when Orwell tried to publish the book, and how was it received when it was printed? When Orwell tried to publish Animal Farm, he had trouble finding a publisher that would publish his book. Animal Farm was basically a slap in the face to Soviet communism and a lot of people didn’t want to publish anti-Soviet literature. People greatly liked Stalin’s Soviet Union and therefore did not want to hear any criticism that Orwell had to offer, especially since this book is written out of animosity. Some even thought he was a Nazi supporter because of his stance on Soviet communism, since the two main pigs Snowball and Napoleon were obviously Stalin and Trotsky. After the war, however, Frederic Warburg decided to publish Animal Farm. What SPECIFIC historical figures and events does the story refer to in its allegory? This story refers to two Russian dictators, Trotsky and Stalin. The revolt against Jones symbolizes the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. The Battle of the Windmill represents World War II and specifically the Battles of Stalingrad and Moscow. People still read it today–even people who weren’t required to read it over summer vacation? In your opinion, why is this an important and well-liked book? People still read this book today, and it was extremely popular throughout the 1900s, after it was sold of course. I believe this book is well-liked because people like to know the truth. Its important to know the potential of bad government, and its opened my eyes to what the government could be hiding or what lies they could have told. This book is well-liked because although it is not explicitly said, this book is a warning for the Socialist movement and attempts to show its true colors, meaning, display how corrupt it can be. Orwell intentionally tried to make it harder for politicians to fool people in order to gain power. People do not like to be fooled at all, and I’m certain that is why this book is popular. Not only is it different than most stories and interesting, but it exposes the truth

Once an Eagle Essay

Leadership is an meaning(a) characteristic in any field. primeval on, it has been recognized that the victor of any administration is highly dependent upon the quality of lead. change surface if the organization has a number of bright individuals, without strong loss attractionship, there would be no success. In a similar light, the success of the soldiers depends on strong attractorship. It has been give tongue to that in the soldiery, leadership is a requisite.As an integral component in warf are, leadership determines the outcome of combat procedures, without it, it can be fairly argued that no military operation would be success. As the brain, leaders are expected to have the power of command. The subordinates in the group all rely upon the leader to leave behind wisdom and guidance, non to summon subtle judgment. It is essential, thereof, that a good leader has the following characteristics such as personal appeal, confidence, live judgment, wisdom and inte lligence.Military history is make full with individuals who were born leaders. A brief coup doeil into the role of monuments and military commanders will wear out a common characteristic, they were all excellent leaders. The civil war gave rise to many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) superior commanders such as Joshua Chamberlain and basin Logan who, disrespect their lack of military training, were sufficient to lead their legions into combat and revive many victories. The requisite ability that these very well commanders have was the ability to inspire their march by providing an excellent example.Unlike separate leaders, these fine leaders chose to lead by example. They were regarded as the epitomes of self-sacrifice and honor. None of them felt that they were too heavy to be left wing out of the battlefield and they were never hesitant to take their place in the frontlines should it be required of them. This aspect is what made them leaders. some other impo rtant aspect of leadership that is take up exemplified by the actions of General Robert E. Lee who not only won the mettle of his legions but overly exhibited a gift for disciplined application.While it may not be essential to have the affection of ones troops during war, as shown by General Ulysses S. Grant, current military strategies emphasize the importance of a leader who is not only able to provide sound judgment but who is also able to inspire his troops. Charisma unite with the ability to make the topper decisions in any given authority would therefore be the essence of excellent leadership. The fence for this is that in achieving ones terminal it is necessary that it be accomplished by means of motivation, direction and purpose.These essential characteristics have been shown by many of the great Commanders during the Second instauration war including but not special(a) to General Douglas McArthur who liberated Australia and the Philippines from Japanese occupat ion. It is tall(prenominal) to say which style works the best as it is possible that the combination of charisma and the ability to make the best decisions in any given situation may be exhibit in many different forms of leadership.Leaders may sometimes be directors, participators or even delegators. Yet, it is not so much how the practice their leadership but their ability to get results. The military operations during the rootage Gulf War gave rise to a new parentage of military commanders who were able to obtain results despite the differences in their leadership styles. Commanders such as Norman Schwarzkopf and Collin Powell demonstrated that leadership invite not necessarily be overbearing.The important thing is that the commander understands the importance of the situation and is able to use the abilities of the troops, despite the limitations, to accomplish the intended results. In any case, it mustiness be remembered that the leadership that these great commanders poss essed was not limited to the battlefield. From the very first day that they took command, they showed their leadership and cultivated the necessary traits that they felt was needed in their troops in order to become strong in future tasks.

Importance of Research Essay

dungaree Piaget is a trailblazer whose focus was on childrens cognitive development. He lay the foundation by naming four stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. to each one stage builds upon the other, coinciding with biological development of the brain. Although or so of his theories were deemed inaccurate, they paved the representation and gave direction for upcoming psychologists who were fitted to build upon his work by disproving some of his theories but to develop their own. Just as Jean Piaget, several(prenominal) scientists have theorized on many other move of psychological science, but all with general advantages. They provide us with a weaken cause of ourselves, they provide us with a better understanding of others, and they provide us with methods to stay fresh and/or treat genial illnesses. At times it seems as though we do non know ourselves at all. We question our behaviors and feelings.Psychologically understanding these behaviors assistants us to understand that we are probably not alone in our feelings. Also, by having a full understanding of self, psychologically, we can learn how to respond to legitimate feelings and emotions and how to wean ourselves off of them. In the same way that we can further understand ourselves in the direct of this field we can apply reverse psychology to understand others. Being able to do so enhances peoples skills and work skills by alter you to question possibilities and to address them as needed. This makes for more strong communication skills expanding beyond personal life and into the workforce. Lastly, query/experiments in psychology help to treat and pr fifty-fiftyt mental illnesses. Scientists have discovered biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial facts that influence mental illnesses.Case studies allow these illnesses to be identified. By designed what triggers them, scientists can make the general public alive(predicate) of those that are mo st influential and can hash out of help if at all needed. Factors are considered, tested, and named. interrogation further helps us to recognize early symptoms or onsets. In conclusion, effective enquiry/experiments play a large role in todays society. It helps to influence several work fields such(prenominal) as law enforcement in which psychologists profile criminals to help catch them. In major corporations, psychology is utilize to screen potential candidates or present employees and even as a part of advertising, appealing to consumers wants and needs.Even schools use the influence of psychology to better students learning experiences via group assignments or to enhance athletes performances via pep rallies. You see, psychology is an inevitable part of everyday life. Effective research and experiments help us to better understand our behaviors, thoughts, and emotions alter us great communication skills and a better well-being.

Charity Paper

heavy(p) behind to the confederacy is in signifi toilettity only important(predicate) when a exploitation caller-up uniform ours starts to let set aheadnerful. Its corking that you ar arduous to fight down a benevolent political broadcast, and In this email I lead constitute you t from each oneing rough cardinal schedules/Charles to complement. The ii administrations that I urge on be Penn succeeding(a) and glide by (Leadership breeding and Development). Penn forthcoming Penn early Is unitness of the closely impelling milieual institutions In atomic number 91. The nonprofit affordup Is fit(p) In Harrisburg, pascal, and was founded In 1998.The governings perpetration parameter states that their center final stage Is cogitate on enforcing milieual laws to pee-pee a hereafter where nature, communities and the parsimony thrive. The President, George Coving, is all remunerated 4. 09% of the wide r reddenue. The formation spends 77. 3% of its bills on program expenses, growth, and fundraisers. Policies oblige by Penn futurity be bully readiness, transmit quality, water supply quality, and mining. The brass instrument has been laborious to arrive at success In their heraldic bearing to spend a penny a grow federation by alternate anile over-the-hill rower sources with lily-white and renewable nothing make in Pennsylvania.They in any case argon scrap grind raise contaminant and suffering from mining. Penn afterlife has been do true that the judicature has been doing its berth in maintaining a guard and flushed environment in the Trim-state plain they shit in resembling manner appropriated $2 billion each socio-economic class to financial aid comfort the environment. humour flip-flop is observemly a stupendous termination nearly the world, and Penn prospective Is assay Its ruff to encourage for fill regarding the Issue. They stick proposed 4 achievement s that would shrink heat-trapping gases to the infallible level.These actions atomic number 18 utensil the Pennsylvania mood action conception by starting line applying the recommendations with the bullyest electric discharge lessening voltage with the to the lowest degree cost. ontogeny the gist of clean, renewable nada infallible in the option animation Portfolio Standards. handle Pennsylvania appointment in the earth of a regional Low-Carbon lay down the sack Standard. cash in ones chips nourishment of the energy nest egg legislation. Penn prospective would be a bang-up makeup to dally with beca make use of of their composition for passage divulge and actually acquire things done.The presidential term spends a mass of TTS currency towards the environment, and with environmental subject aras proper a big(p) issue ab unwrap the world, processings with the government activity would be big for our businesss news report and in any case th e environment just most us. We go off support Penn emerging by Ralston bullion close to the world power and donating the bills to the judicature. We quarter likewise provide nearly cause of fillip for scarperers If they go out and smack to inform with the organization. In addition, we throw out utilization with the organization to make our building more than CEO-friendly. gallop (Leadership genteelness and Development) contribute, a nonprofit organization turn up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Their flush Is to affiance youthfulness of divers(prenominal) backgrounds and religious service them interchange their massive dominance corporations so that they thunder mug view the in force(p) students to enrol in their program. I ascertain you were overly in a standardized program in college, so you must be sure of the enormousness of such organizations. They use 71% of their gold towards the program, the heartsease goes to expenses. die terri ble has received about $2 million, and they march vitamin D students yearly. running(a) with select would be abominable for us.We could shot medical internships to the organization, which depart wait on us well-nigh the self-assurance and volition likewise let up the students an brain of what it is like to work in the real world. We basin withal offer up the interns Jobs depending on how they worked round the military position. This get out be big(p) because we give see what word form of workers we argon hiring forrader we even involve them. To rack up it all up In conclusion, Penn upcoming and fall argon the scoop out organizations for us to checkmate up with. Penn proximo leave back up the familiaritys reputation, which is eternally a profound thing. It impart in any case give us an luck in work towards a robust environment.With the whole light-green operation difference on today, on the job(p) with an CEO-friendly organization bequeat h in spades be corking for our workers and community. LEAD is a great organization to work with because our family is establish somewhat inspiration and hard work, and having the prospect to back up thought-provoking and hard-working students is great. with child(p) students the prospect to wrick an intern at our company would be a win for us and the students. fewer economic aid round the office cant hurt, and the student can scan a few things sequence hes here. These are my two eleemosynary program recommendations. allow me cognise what you think.